Midbrain: ntchito ndi dongosolo. Ntchito za midbrain ndi cerebellum

Mu ndondomeko ya kuphunzira mmene ubongo asintha Inde kwa zinthu, izo zinali kuti amange mfundo zokhudza kukhala milingo yake atatu. The woyamba (wapamwamba) ndi zapambuyo. Pamafunikanso woyambira woyambira ganglia, kotekisi oziziritsa, diencephalic Front olfactory ubongo. Middle Dipatimenti amatanthauza mlingo pafupifupi. A wa kumbuyo dipatimenti m'munsi chomwe medulla oblongata, cerebellum ndi pons.

Wapakati ubongo ntchito ndi kapangidwe ka imene tikambirane mwatsatanetsatane, anayamba makamaka mchikakamizo cha cholandilira zithunzi m'kupita kwa phylogeny. Choncho, chofunika kwambiri mapangidwe ake innervation diso.

Komanso anapanga malo kumva m'tsogolo, pamodzi ndi malo atachuluka anapanga mulu 4 midbrain denga. Kapangidwe ka izo, tikambirana pansipa. A ntchito pakati pa ubongo yafotokozedwa mu theka lachiwiri la nkhaniyi.

Kukula kwa midbrain ndi

Zooneka ndi Makutu malo amene ali momwemo, anakhala subcortical, wapakatikati, kamodzi mu malo wamng'ono ndi zikamera wa anthu ndi nyama apamwamba a yokhudza kotekisi mapeto a zithunzi ndi analyzers Makutu mu forebrain kotekisi. Development pa anthu ndi nyama apamwamba a forebrain kwatanthauza kuti njira kuti kugwirizana kotekisi ndi mapeto msana, anayamba kudutsa m'ma ubongo, amene ntchito asintha pang'ono. Chifukwa, otsiriza awa:

- subcortical Makutu malo;

- malo zithunzi subcortical, komanso mtima mitsempha kuti innervate minofu ya diso;

- onse akutsika ndi kukwera njira kuti kugwirizana chingwe msana ndi kotekisi oziziritsa kudutsa pakati pa zamaulendo ndi;

- mitolo ya nkhani woyera kulumikiza midbrain ndi m'madipatimenti osiyanasiyana a chapakati mantha dongosolo.

kapangidwe

Wapakati ubongo ntchito ndi dongosolo limene ndife chidwi, ndiyo chabe inamangidwa ndi laling'ono dipatimenti (chithunzi pamwambapa umaonekera mu bulauni). Pali zotsatirazi mbali ziwiri:

- miyendo, limene anthu ambiri njira;

- malo subcortical ya masomphenya ndi kumva.

midbrain denga

Denga la midbrain, dorsal gawo, zobisika mu corpus callosum (kumbuyo mapeto). Iwo lophatikizana ndi ubwamunalo linagawanika mu 4 anakonza pairwise chitunda ndi grooves awiri (yopingasa ndi kotenga) anakafika crosswise. Pamwamba awiri phiri - subcortical malo masomphenya, ndipo pansi awiri - kumva. Pakati pa protuberance chapamwamba poyambira ndi lathyathyathya pineal. Pakakhala chitunda imatsogoleredwa laterally, m'mwamba anteriorly, ku ubongo wapakatikati. Chitadutsa iliyonse chitunda. Chogwirira wa chitunda chapamwamba pansi pa pilo wa thalamus mu chitsogozo cha lateral geniculate thupi. Kogwirira kozungulira pansi Mwamsanga pansi pa medial geniculate thupi. matupi Geniculate, tatchulazi, simuli pakati ndi ubongo wapakatikati.

ubongo tsinde

Likupitiriza kufotokoza pafupifupi ubongo ntchito ndi dongosolo. Chinthu chotsatira kukhala - miyendo yake. Ndi chiyani icho? Izi gawo ventral muli m'njira zonse zotsogolera ku forebrain lapansi. Onani kuti miyendo ndi awiri semicylindrical wandiweyani woyera timafupa, mbali divergent m'mphepete mwa mlatho ndi kumizidwa mu Chigawo.

ndi M'mimbamo wa midbrain chiyani?

mawu ambiri angapezeke mu gawo limeneli, ngati thunthu la midbrain lapansi. Kapangidwe, ntchito zake amafuna kufotokoza okhwima sayansi. Ife sanatchule zovuta mayina Latin okha mfundo zofunika. Pakuti kudziwana woyamba ndi zokwanira.

Tiyeni tinene mawu ochepa za pakati pa ubongo patsekeke. Ndi yopapatiza njira ndipo amatchedwa mains madzi. njira wodzaza ndi ependyma, ndi yopapatiza, kutalika masentimita 1.5-2. Brain chitoliro zikugwirizana wacinai wa ventricle lachitatu. Turo miyendo zimasokoneza ventral ndiponso dorsal - denga la midbrain lapansi.

Mbali midbrain mu mtanda yachigawo

Tipitirize nkhani yathu. Features wamba ubongo wa munthu akhoza bwino kuganizira, ndipo mu gawo mtanda. Pankhaniyi, zotsatirazi atatu mbali yaikulu amadziŵika m'menemo:

- mbale chivundikiro;

- tayala;

- ventral dipatimenti, ndi, miyendo m'munsi.

The mtima wa midbrain ndi

Mothandizidwa ndi lilime chamawonedwe monga anayamba mtima midbrain ndi osiyanasiyana mmenemo. Ntchito za mtima midbrain a innervation diso. Chapamwamba colliculus mu inakhala m'munsi zimagwiritsa malo mitsempha chamawonedwe umatha, komanso zofunika zithunzi pakati. Mu anthu ndi nyama ndi mayendedwe mu forebrain malo aya zithunzi otsala pakati pa chitunda chapamwamba, ndi mitsempha chamawonedwe tizikumbukira okha bongo. The medial geniculate thupi, komanso mu maziko a chitunda m'munsi kutsirizitsa CHIKWANGWANI kumva kuzungulira. midbrain denga zikugwirizana kwa msana zikulumikizana amgwirizano. Mbale wa denga tinganene kuti mfundo reflex kwa kayendedwe zimachitika makamaka mchikakamizo cha zikuchitika Makutu ndi masomphenya.

ngalande oziziritsa

Wazunguliridwa ndi imvi mankhwala chapakati, mu ntchito zake zokhudzana ndi dongosolo autonomic. Pansi mpanda wake ventral wa tayala mu tsinde ubongo, awiri pakati cranial galimoto misempha.

Phata la oculomotor mitsempha

Amakhala ndi magawo angapo osiyana wa innervation a minofu extraocular. Posteriorly ndi medially kwa izo ili pang'ono owonjezera atsopano vegetative phata ndi apakatikati unpaired. Unpaired apakatikati ndi pakati zina innervate minofu ya diso, amene musanaganizire. Tikunena gawo ili la oculomotor mitsempha dongosolo parasympathetic. Rostral kuti (pamwamba) ndi oculomotor mtima mitsempha yomwe ili mu ubongo tsinde tayala kotenga medial mtengo pachimake.

ubongo tsinde

Iwo agawidwa mu miyendo m'munsi (ventral) ndi tayala. Black mankhwala akutumikira monga therebetween malire. mtundu chake mosakayikira melanin - pigment wakuda, amene ali maselo mitsempha zomwe zimapanga izo. Tegmentum - ndi gawo la iyo, umene uli pakati pa substantia nigra ndi denga. Iwo anachoka ku njira chapakati tegmental. Izi kunsi ziyerekezo ubongo njira, limene lili mu tegmentum (chapakati gawo). Mu akuphatikizapo - Ulusi kuti apite ku phata wofiira, globus pallidus, ndi reticular mapangidwe ubongo ndi thalamus pakati pa azitona ndi mapangidwe reticular wa medulla oblongata. Njira iyi ndi mbali ya chitetezo cha extrapyramidal.

Ntchito ya midbrain ndi

Ndimasewera ndi udindo wofunika kwambiri mapangidwe ndi unsembe wa kuthetsa bongo kuti zikhale zotheka kuyenda ndi kuimirira. Komanso, ntchito m'ma ubongo ndi izi: izo nthawi minofu kamvekedwe, kumatanthauza kugawa ake. Ndi chofunika kayendedwe mgwirizano. Ntchito inanso - uyamiko kwa Iye, pali lamulo la angapo njira vegetative (Pomeza, kutafuna, kupuma, kuthamanga kwa magazi). Chifukwa kusamala Makutu ndi zithunzi bongo, komanso kukula kamvekedwe wa flexor midbrain (mu chithunzi pamwamba yafotokozedwa wofiira) Pakukonzekeretsa thupi kuonetsetsa kuti yankho mwadzidzidzi mkwiyo. Statokinetic ndi malo amodzi bongo ndi anazindikira pa mlingo wake. bongo zimandilimbikitsa kupereka rebalancing, kaimidwe, idagwatiwa chifukwa kusintha udindo. Iwo amaoneka pamene udindo wa mutu ndi thupi mu malo zikusintha chifukwa malemeredwe ya maselo proprioceptive ndi chogwirika ili mu khungu. ntchito zonsezi midbrain kukusonyeza kuti umagwira ntchito yotamandika mu thupi.

cerebellum

Ife tsopano chitani zochita za cerebellum lapansi. Ndi chiyani icho? Mlatho hindbrain. Iwo aumbike mwa ontogeny wa oziziritsa rhombic chikhodzodzo (dorsal mpanda wake). Iwo amagwirizana ndi magulu osiyanasiyana a ubongo imene imalamulira magulu athu. chitukuko zikuchitika pa njira bwino ndi chingwe msana, komanso chifooke kachitidwe kawo vestibular.

Research Luidzhi Lyuchiani

Ntchito za midbrain ndi cerebellum anaphunzira Luidzhi Lyuchiani, ndi wasayansi Italy. Mu 1893 anapanga zinthu zatsopano pa nyama ndi kwathunthu kapena pang'ono kuchotsa cerebellum. Iye anachititsa kusanthula ntchito zake bioelectric, boma izo pa kukondoweza ndi pa mpumulo.

Kunapezeka kuti kamvekedwe ka minofu extensor kumatheka pamene kuchotsedwa theka la cerebellum lapansi. Anatambasula miyendo ya nyama, thupi akufunitsitsa ndi mutu ndi anapanduka mu mbali ntchito. Pali gulu mu nkombero ( "Foyer kayendedwe") ku mbali ntchito. matenda anafotokoza pang'onopang'ono ankawachotsera, koma ena kayendedwe discoordination anakhalabe.

Ngati inu kuchotsa cerebellum zonse, pali kutchulidwa kayendedwe matenda. Iwo ankawachotsera kunja pang'onopang'ono chifukwa chakuti kotekisi ndi adamulowetsa (galimoto m'dera ake). Komabe, nyama akali kuphwanya kugwirizana. Pali zolakwika, womangika, ankatha mwaulesi, achipambano gait.

Zopereka Academician Orbeli

Mu 1938, Academician Orbeli anapeza kuti cerebellum kumakhudzanso ndi lilime zida, njira vegetative. Komanso, pali kugwirizana kwake ndi boma la nyama za ziwalo. Kusintha zikuchokera magazi, magazi, kupuma, chimbudzi, zimachitika mchikakamizo cha cerebellum, kodi umalimbana kuonetsetsa (trophic) ntchito minofu chigoba.

Academician Orbeli cerebellum imatengedwa osati monga wothandizira wa kotekisi oziziritsa mu lamulo minofu kamvekedwe ndi kayendedwe, komanso ngati dziphunzitsiranso-trophic pakati. Mu ntchito iyi, ali ndi yaikulu onse m'madera a ubongo kudzera wamanjenje dongosolo (chifundo gawo). Choncho malamulo kagayidwe, ndi chapakati mantha dongosolo Amasintha kwa zinthu zachilengedwe. Anapeza kuti ntchito za kotekisi cerebellar ndi inextricably zogwirizana ndi hemispheres oziziritsa ndipo akubwera pansi pa ulamuliro wake.

Pomaliza

Kotero, ife mwachidule ankaona cerebellum ndi munthu midbrain. Nchito yawo anatchula. Tsopano inu mukudziwa zomwe yofunika kwambiri amasewera. matupi athu ambiri lakonzedwa kuti matupi ake onse kuchita ntchito yawo, iwo zonse ndi zofunika. Ntchito za medulla ndi midbrain, komanso mbali zina za thupi, muyenera kudziwa.

Ndipo potsiriza, mawu ochepa. Ubongo - kuipidwa wagawo ongokhala mabiliyoni maselo ntchito pamodzi. Iwo amathandiza kusintha ndi wapadera moyo, koma zomwezo akhoza kuyankha kusintha zolimbikitsa, chiongoko ndi zofuna khalidwe. Monga moyo tipite kuyambira ukhanda ubwana, ndiyeno achinyamata, kukhwima ndi ukalamba, njira yomweyo kuchita ife thupi lathu. Choncho, ubongo chimasintha. Ayenera, pa dzanja limodzi, chito olimbika yosiyanasiyana zamoyo zinachita ndi kakulidwe chitukuko. Koma pa dzanja zina, akhoza atengere kusintha mu ankachita pakati pa chilengedwe ndi chamoyo.