Kawiri salt: Zitsanzo ndi maina

Salt anawagawa pakati, m'maderawo zofunika, pawiri ndi kusakaniza. Onse a iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku, koma makamaka - makampani. Kumvetsa salt gulu limachititsa kumvetsa ndizosowa zimapangidwira.

Kodi m'kagulu mchere

Tiyeni tiyambe ndi tanthauzo la salt. Iwo mankhwala mankhwala amene zotsalira asidi chiphatikizana ndi atomu zitsulo. Mosiyana ndi magulu ena a zinthu, salt kwa lililonse amaayoni mankhwala muzikondana.

M'gulu limeneli anawagawa m'magulu angapo ndi makhalidwe enieni.

mchere yachibadwa

Avereji salt mu kapangidwe kake kokha ena zitsulo cations ndi zotsalira acidic. Mwachitsanzo, mankhwala akhoza otchulidwa sodium kolorayidi, sulphate potaziyamu. gulu ili ankaona kuti ambiri mu matanthwe a pansi padziko. Mwa njira kukonzekera cholemba awo ndondomeko neutralization ikuchitika pakati pa acid ndi m'munsi.

salt asidi

Gulu la mankhwala tichipeza chitsulo, haidrojeni ndi zotsalira acid. Kupanga mankhwala ofanana polybasic asidi: phosphoric, sulfuric, carbonic. Mwachitsanzo, ndi mchere asidi ndi ambiri pamoyo, akhoza kutchulidwa ndi sodium bicarbonate (bicarb). Zinthu zimenezi akamagwira anachita pakati pa acid ndi mchere sing'anga.

salt zoyambirira

zitsulo cations alipo mu mankhwala amenewa, gulu hydroxyl ndi anions wa moiety acid. Zitsanzo za mchere lakuti kashiamu hydroxychloride.

salt wosanganiza

salt kawiri amatanthauza pamaso pa zitsulo ziwiri zomwe m'malo a hydrogen mu acid. Mapangidwe zinthu za ofanana zikuchokera khalidwe zidulo polybasic. Mwachitsanzo, sodium potaziyamu carbonate alipo awiri okha yogwira zitsulo. Wapawiri wosanganiza salt ndi kufunika kwa makampani mankhwala a, ankagwiritsa ntchito mu moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku.

Features wothira mchere

Kawiri salt wa potaziyamu ndi sodium wochuluka zili zachilengedwe a sylvinite. Komanso amatha kupanga losakanizika potaziyamu-zotayidwa mchere.

Obwerawa (awiri) salt ndi mankhwala amene amakhala ndi anions zosiyanasiyana kapena cations. Mwachitsanzo, oyeretsa mu kapangidwe kake ali anion hypochlorous ndi hydrochloric acid.

Chidwi makamaka wapawiri ammonium mchere. Ambiri mwa mankhwala analandira ntchito ngati manyowa a.

Kukonzekera salt awiri a ammonium imagwiridwa ndi yatikhudza amoniya ndi zidulo polybasic. Diammonium anafuna mu kupanga retardants lawi (lawi retardants). Kawiri salt munali palibe zosafunika chofunika m'mafakitale mankhwala ndi zakudya.

Industrial kufunika ammoniytsinkovye, magnesium phosphates. Chifukwa solubility negligible mu madzi, mchere ngati ntchito retardants ntchito mu utoto ndi mapulasitiki.

Izi salt awiri ali oyenera kwa impregnation nsalu ndi nkhuni kuteteza kali ndi chinyezi. Iron ndi zitsulo zotayidwa ammonium phosphates - njira zabwino kuteteza zitsulo nyumba kuchokera dzimbiri zinangokhalako zokha.

Zitsanzo za mchere awiri ndi tanthauzo luso kungachititse kuti chitsulo ndi nthaka. Iwo ndi kuswana pansi kukula yisiti kufunika mu kupanga machesi, kutchinjiriza mankhwala, Mica.

phwando

salt wapawiri ammonium amakonzedwa mwa matenthedwe machulukitsidwe asidi phosphoric ndi amoniya ena soda. Industrial chidwi dimmoniyfosfat. Chifukwa amapangidwa ndi mankhwala matenthedwe la ammonia ndi asidi phosphoric. Pakuti Inde bwino ndondomeko amafuna kutentha madigiri mozungulira 70 Celsius. Njira imene ikukhudza mapangidwe mpweya wa zotayidwa phosphate ndi chitsulo, amenenso tanthauzo lake mafakitale.

Ena mavuto ndi maina awiri salt chifukwa chakuti muli choncho asidi zotsalira kapena cations awiri.

Magniyammoniyfosfat kufunika makampani mankhwala, ndipo chotero njira yake chilengedwe ali ndi makhalidwe ena. Neutralizing izo ammonia mafuta m'zigawo asidi phosphoric, amene wothira mankhwala enaake a mankwala.

mankhwala ovuta

Pakati salt zovuta ndi iwiri, pali kusiyana ena. Tiyeni tiyese tikupeza mbali ya mchere zovuta. zikuchokera yawo akuonetsa pamaso pa ion zovuta, amene bracketed. Kuwonjezera mankhwala amenewa alipo complexing (ion chapakati). Iye wazunguliridwa ndi particles, amene amatchedwa ligands. Pakuti mchere zovuta amakhala ndi dissociation stepwise. Pa gawo loyamba ndi mapangidwe ion zovuta monga cation kapena anion. Komanso, pali dissociation tsankho la ion zovuta pa cation ndi ligands.

Features salt Nomenclature

Popeza kuti pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mchere, nomenclature awo chidwi. Pakuti salt sing'anga dzina ndi kwaiye zochokera anion (enaake, sulphate nitrate), ndipo anawonjezera mutu Russian zitsulo. Mwachitsanzo, CaCO3 - ndi kashiamu carbonate.

Asidi Kuwonjezera salt yodziwika hydro- mtima. Mwachitsanzo, KNSO3- hydrogencarbonate potaziyamu.

Nomenclature zofunika salt kumafuna ntchito hydroxo mtima. Choncho, mchere wa Al (o) 2Cl amatchedwa zotayidwa digidroksohlorid.

Pamene mutu awiri mchere munali cations awiri, woyamba mutu anion, ndiye lembani zitsulo onse m'gulu pawiri lapansi.

More maudindo zovuta ndi khalidwe la mankhwala ovuta. Mu umagwirira pali gawo lapadera limene likuchita ndi kuphunzira salt amenewa.

Ngati ife kuonanso bwino thupi katundu wa oimira yosiyanasiyana ya mchere pawiri, izo Tingaone kuti kusiyana kwambiri luso lawo kupasuka mu madzi. Pakati pa salt awiri ndi zitsanzo za zinthu ndi solubility wabwino, mwachitsanzo, sodium mankhwala enaake, potaziyamu. Pakati mouma mankhwala sungunuka monga salt awiri zidulo phosphoric ndi silicic.

Ndi katundu mankhwala salt awiri ofanana mwakale (pafupifupi) angathe yatikhudza ndi zidulo, michere ina.

Feteleza komanso ammonium salt ndi thermally linakwiriridwa, kupanga mankhwala angapo anachita.

Pankhani ya electrolytic dissociation mankhwala akhoza kuwapeza anions zotsalira ndi cations zitsulo. Mwachitsanzo, oipa wa ayoni pa sulphate zotayidwa potassium mu njira angathe kuonedwa zotayidwa ndi potaziyamu cations ndi sulphate - ayoni.

Kupatukana zosakaniza salt

Popeza kuti mchere zachilengedwe muli awiri basi zitsulo, pali kufunika iwo. Mwa njira zambiri kupatukana chisakanizo cha mchere akhoza olekanitsidwa fractional crystallization. Njira imeneyi imaphatikizapo limatsogolera kuyambirira wa iwiri mchere, magawano ake wotsatira mu mankhwala osiyana, ndiye crystallization. Chotero zosinthika kulekana kwa zosakaniza kugwirizana ndi maonekedwe a mankhwala. Pamene kulekanitsa osakaniza njira mankhwala, reagents amasankhidwa kuti ndi mkulu khalidwe cations ena kapena anions. Pambuyo mpweya wa m'madera ena awiri mchere mpweya kuchotsedwa.

Ngati ndi kotheka, kulekana kwa dongosolo ternary limene pali gawo olimba, ndi emulsion pano ikuchitika ndi centrifugation.

Pomaliza

salt kawiri amasiyana zina mitundu salt pamaso pa chilinganizo cha zitsulo ziwiri. Mu mawonekedwe woyera, mankhwala amenewa kawirikawiri ntchito makamaka pachiyambi awo anapatukana ndi njira thupi kapena mankhwala, kenako ntchito m'madera osiyanasiyana a mafakitale. The salt awiri ntchito makampani mankhwala monga gwero la kuchuluka kwa mankhwala anafuna.