Kodi Zolotaya Orda. Zaka za Golden gulu

Pa zimene siteji ya masewero zambiri ophunzira bwino mfundo ya "Golden gulu"? 6 kalasi, kumene. mphunzitsi History akuwuza ana akuvutika Orthodox anthu a m'derali. Wina ali yense sakugawana kuganiza kuti m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chitatu Russia zowawa zomwezo nkhanza ntchito, monga mu makumi anai Mu zaka zapitazo. Koma kuli mwachimbulimbuli kudzatunga kufanana pakati pa ulamuliro wa Hitler ndi akale theka-woyendayendawu boma? Ndipo izo zimatanthauza Asilavo Chitata Mongol goli? Kodi anali kwa iwo Zolotaya Orda? "History" (kalasi 6 buku) si ndiyekhayo pa nkhani imeneyi. Pali ena, ntchito zochuluka ofufuza. Tiyeni Atakula Tayang'anani pa nthawi mwachilungamo yaitali mu mbiri ya dziko lakwawo.

Chiyambi cha Golden gulu

Europe kwa nthawi yoyamba anakumana ndi Mongolian mafuko yoyendayenda kotala zoyambirira za m'ma khumi ndi chitatu. asilikali Genghis Khan a anafika Adriatic ndipo akhoza bwinobwino kusuntha zina - kwa Italy ndi Ulaya. Koma maloto a mgonjetsi chinakwaniritsidwa - asilikaliwa anatha kutapira madzi kuchokera helm wa kunyanja ya kumadzulo. Choncho ambirimbiri asilikali anabwerera steppes lapansi. zaka makumi awiri a Mongol Ufumu ang'onoang'ono Europe akhalipo, osati nazo, monga ngati mu maiko yomweyi. Mu 1224, Genghis Khan anagawa ufumu wake pakati pa ana ake. Choncho panali Ulus (chigawo) Jochi - ndi kumadzulo ambiri a ufumuwo. Ngati ife kudzifunsa Zolotaya Orda, poyambira pa maphunziro onse tinganene kuti mu 1236. Zinali ndiye kuti wofuna Han Batu (mwana wa Jochi ndi mdzukulu wa Genghis Khan) anayamba ulendo wake kumadzulo.

Kodi Zolotaya Orda

Izi ntchito ya usilikali, chimene chinafika kwa 1236 ndi 1242, kwambiri anawonjezera gawo la Jochi Ulus kumadzulo. Komabe, chiguluchi Golden kulankhula kutatsala oyambirira. Ulus - la boma wagawo mu lalikulu ufumu wa Genghis Khan, ndipo iye anali amadalira boma. Komabe, Khan Batu (mu mbiri Russian Batu) mu 1254 anasamukira likulu lake ku dera wotsika Volga. Pali anapanga likulu. Khan anayambitsa m'tawuni Saray-Batu (tsopano malo pafupi ndi mudzi wa Selitrennoe m'dera Astrakhan). Mu 1251 msonkhano Kurultai, kumene anasankhidwa mfumu Mongke. Batu ku likulu la Karakorum ndipo anathandiza wolowa. khama ena anaphedwa. m'mayiko awo anagawanika pakati Mangu ndi Chingizids (kuphatikizapo Batu). Mawu akuti "Zolotaya Orda" palokha inatulutsidwa mochedwa kwambiri - mu 1566, m'buku lake "Kazan History" pamene State yokha kale unatha. Kudziona chomwecho gulu Kupititsa anali "Ulu Ulus ', kutanthauza yomasulira ku Turkic" Grand Duchy ".

Zaka za Golden gulu

Kusonyeza kudzipereka kwa Mangu Khan Batu anawamasulira msonkhano wabwino. ulus lake kudziyimira pawokha wamkulu. Koma boma chapeza ufulu wonse atamwalira Batu a (1255), kale nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Khan Meng-Timur mu 1266. Koma ngakhale ndiye, anapitiriza mwadzina wodalira wa Mongol Ufumu. Kapangidwe ka izi ulus kwambiri atachuluka inkakhala Volga Bulgaria, Northern Khorezm, Western Siberia, ndi Dasht-i-Kipchak (steppes ku Irtysh kwa Danube), ndi North Caucasus ndi Crimea. Ndi dera, maphunziro onse angayerekezedwe ndi Ufumu wa Chiroma. m'mphepete kum'mwera anali Derbent, ndi malire kumpoto kum'mawa anali Isker ndi Tyumen ku Siberia. Mu 1257 anakwera wachifumu wa Ulus m'bale Batu, Berke Khan (analamulira mpaka 1266), iye anatembenukira kwa Islam, koma zambiri pazifukwa zandale. Unyinji yotakata asilikaliwa kuti Islam si bwanji, koma chinathandiza Khan kukopa amisiri Arab ndi amalonda ku Central Asia ndi Volga Bulgars. Waukulu kulemera anafika Zolotaya Orda m'zaka za m'ma 14, pamene wachifumu Chiuzibeki Khan (1313-1342). Pansi pa iye, Islam anakhala chipembedzo cha boma. Pambuyo pa imfa ya boma Chiuzibeki ankakumana nazo nyengo ya kugawikana ang'onoang'ono. Kukwera Tamerlane (1395) athamangisa msomali yomaliza bokosi la ufumu waukulu uwu, koma nthaŵi yochepa.

Kutha kwa Golden gulu

Mu XV boma m'ma linagawanika. Panali yaing'ono palokha ukulu: ndi Nogai gulu (zaka zoyambirira za m'ma XV), Kazan, Crimea, Astrakhan, Chiuzibeki, Siberia Khanate. Mphamvu chapakati anakhalabe ndipo anapitiriza kuonedwa monga mutu. Koma nthawi ya Golden gulu zapita. m'malo ulamuliro anayamba mwadzina. boma amatchedwa Great gulu. Inali kumpoto Black Sea gombe ndipo amawachitira ku dera wotsika Volga. Great gulu anali unatha yekha kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi, pokhala chosakanikirana ndi Crimea Khanate.

Russia ndi Jochi Ulus

M'mayiko Asilavo sanali gawo la Mongol Ufumu. Kodi Zolotaya Orda, rusichi mukhoza kuweruza kupatulapo kwambiri kumadzulo Jochi Ulus. Onse a ufumuwo ndipo likulu luster ake anatsalira kunja kwa purview akalonga Asilavo. ubwenzi wawo ndi Jochi Ulus nthawi zina anali chikhalidwe chosiyana - kuchokera zibwenzi ndi zochititsa ukapolo. Koma nthawi zambiri anali lililonse ang'onoang'ono mbuye ndi m'manja ubwenzi. akalonga Russian anabwera likulu la Jochi Ulus, mzinda wa Sarai, ndipo anabweretsa ulemu kwa Khan, kulandira kwa iye "chizindikiro" - lamanja kusamalira dziko lawo. Woyamba anachita izi mu 1243 Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. Choncho, woyamba ndi otchuka a subordination anali chizindikiro pa Vladimir-Suzdal ukulu. Kuchokera pamenepa, pa Mongol-Chitata goli ndi likulu la maiko onse Russian ankatembenukira. Iwo unali mzinda wa Vladimir.

"KWAMBIRI" Chitata Mongol goli

History buku kwa kalasi lachisanu ndi chimodzi akupereka mliri umene anthu Russian zowawa pansi mphamvu ntchito. Komabe, sikuti zonse zachisoni. mphamvu akalonga Mongol choyamba ntchito polimbana ndi adani awo (kapena pretenders ufumu). Chithandizo ngati asilikali ofunika kulipira. Ndiye, pa akalonga okhala pansi anali mbali ya zopereka zawo kwa misonkho kupereka Khan ndi Jochi Ulus - mbuye wake. Iwo ankatchedwa "gulu kunja." Ngati khadi anachedwa, kufika bakauly kuti umene ndi misonkho okha. Koma pa yemweyo akalonga Chisilavo analamulira anthu, ndi moyo wake anapita monga kale.

Anthu a Mongolian Ufumu

Ngati tipempha kodi Zolotaya Orda ku mawonedwe a dongosolo boma, ndiye palibe yankho limodzi. Poyamba anali paramilitary ndi theka Union of mafuko Mongolian. mwamsanga - mkati mibadwo mmodzi kapena awiri - asilikali zimakhudza mphamvu anaphatikizana mwa wolakika anagonjetsa anthu. Kumayambiriro a pa XIV m'ma Russian gulu lotchedwa "Chitata". Ethnographic zikuchokera kwa unali yosiyanasiyana. Panali domiciled Alans, Uzbeks, Kipchaks ndi zina woyendayendawu kapena amangokhala anthu. Khans analimbikitsa chitukuko cha malonda, ntchito zamanja ndi kumanga mizinda. panalibe kusalana chifukwa cha mtundu kapena chipembedzo. Mu likulu, Ulus - barani - mu 1261 ngakhale anapanga bishopu Orthodox, chinali chachikulu Russian kunja kwa Palestina kumeneko.