Kodi mawu achikale?

mawu achikale - izi ndi gulu lapadera la mawu, lomwe, chifukwa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana si ntchito zamakono. Iwo agawidwa m'magulu awiri - historicism ndi archaisms. Onse a magulu awa ofanana ndi mnzake, koma tidakali kusiyana kwambiri.

historicism

Awa ndi mawu zinthu zapadera, maudindo, zotsatira zomwe unatha mu dziko lero, koma pali kale. Chitsanzo cha mawu amenewa - Boyar, kazembe, petitioner, munda. Iwo alibe lofanana mu chinenero chamakono ndi kuphunzira tanthauzo lake likhoza kukhala la ofotokozera dictionary. Kwenikweni, mawu awa amanena za chinthu chakale kufotokoza banja, chikhalidwe, chuma, wolowezana, nkhondo ndi ubwenzi ndale pakati pa zaka zambiri.

Mwachitsanzo, pempho - ndi: 1) uta ndi pamphumi kukhudza pansi; kapena 2) pempho olembedwa. Stolnik - bwalo, ndilo digiri imodzi m'munsi boyar ambiri amatumikira pa boyar kapena gome achifumu.

Ambiri achikulire mawu historicism amapezeka pakati maina kugwirizana ndi phunziro lathu lankhondo, komanso zokhudzana ndi nzika zachuma ndi zovala: chainmail, visor, redoubt, musket, flagon, vuto, 'm odula, sevalka, camisole.

Nazi zitsanzo za ziganizo munali mawu achikale. "Kodi petitioner mfumu ndipo anadandaula kwa kazembe, ndipo ananena kuti kuwabera zigawo zawo, ndipo kenako anaperekedwa, ngakhale anadandaula za olemekezeka, anyamata ndi Ankhondo kuti oweruza kutenga midzi yawo yachifumu anali mfumu, ndi Cossacks ndi oponya mivi ndi adanyamula opempha. , atapempha mkate ndi ndalama malipiro. "

Panopa, limodzi la magulu ambiri a historicism ndi anthu zimene zinachitika pa mapangidwe wa USSR: ndi waudindo, budonnovets, maphunziro, Alimi, NEP, lishenets, Nepman, Makhnovets, ubweya.

archaisms

Lotha mawu a Russian chinenero n'kopanda mu gulu lina lalikulu - archaisms. Iwo Kwenikweni, ndi kagawo wa historicism - iwo mulinso mawu achikale. Koma chachikulu pakati pa iwo ndi kuti iwo akhoza m'malo ndi ofanana matanthauzo, amene ali ochiritsira ndi ntchito lero mawu. Nazi zitsanzo za archaisms: masaya, dzanja lamanja, m'chiuno, ndime Tuga, ramen. Choncho, anzawo zamakono - masaya, dzanja lamanja, kumbuyo, ndakatulo, chisoni, mapewa.

Pali kusiyana zofunika pakati archaism ndi lofanana ake. Iwo osiyanasiyana:

a) lexical tanthauzo (pamimba - moyo, mlendo - wamalonda);

b) kalembedwe mawonekedwe (pa mpirawo - mpira, ispolniti - kudzapereka);

c) morphemic zikuchokera (asodzi - nsodzi chiyanjano - ubwenzi);

Kuti bwino ntchito ndi archaism mu pempholo, ndipo kuti asasokonezeke, ntchito Dictionary kapena Dictionary mawu achikale.

Koma zitsanzo za ziganizo munali archaisms: "Mu Moscow, anakhala ogwira, ndi boyars, olemekezeka, clerks, amene Bolotnikov anaopseza kuwasandutsa wamba, kapena kupha, ndi mu malo awo kuika anthu mayina; industrialists zambiri ankakhala ndi amalonda olemera, alendo, ndalama amene shopu - onse kupatsidwa kwa osauka "mu delozh.

Mu ndimeyi, archaisms ndi mawu awa: wamba, bwalo (m'lingaliro chuma), shopu (zamalonda), mayina. N'zosavuta kuti pali pano ndi historicism: courtier, Ambuye.

mawu achikale mwangwiro zimafalitsa khalidwe mbiri kupanga lemba zolembalemba zokongola ndi kowala. Koma iwe uyenera nthawizonse onetsetsani kuti ntchito lolondola ndi yoyenera dikishonale, kuti maluwa mawu mapeto sanakhale zamkhutu.