Title - izo ... Kuti mutu? Tanthauzo la mawu oti "mutu"

Ngakhale zaka 100 zapitazo, munthu ndi mutu wa otchuka a osankhika a anthu. Koma masiku ano, malo mutu ino - basi mwambo wosangalatsa. Iwo amapereka mwayi ochepa, ngati si nkhani yabwino banki, abale otchuka kapena zochita zawo mmunda uliwonse tanthauzo anthu. Kodi udindo kusewera maudindo m'zaka lomaliza, ndi omwe akugwirabe ntchito mpaka lero? Ngati muli mawu a mutu wa mfundo zina? Tiyeni tipeze zambiri za izi zonse.

Chiyambi cha mawu akuti "mutu"

nauni uyu anali woyamba wolembedwa Latin - titulus - ndipo amatanthauza "mawu akuti."

Pafupifupi zikutsatiridwa, patapita zaka zambiri, mawu anaitenga ku zinenero zina European. Yerekezerani: mu mutu English - chizindikiro mu French - titre, German - titel.

Ngakhale mbiri nthawi yaitali, m'zinenero Asilavo anadza kwambiri kenako, akuti "mutu". Izi zinachitika m'zaka za m'ma XVII. Kuweruza ndi kulemba ndi phokoso, mawu anaitenga ndi kuyimira English. Ndipo mawu patsogolo Poland (tytuł), kenako anakwera Chibelarusi (tytul), Chiyukireniya (udindo) ndi zinenero Russian.

Title - ndi chiyani ichi? Ndani adzakhala zidziwike ngati

Mawu amenewa amatanthauza ulemu wapadera, amene amalemekeza anthu kuti utumiki kwambiri, nthawi zambiri asilikali. Kupeza mutu, monga ulamuliro, analola munthu kupita ku gulu la kalasi mwayi, osankhika a boma - anthu otchuka. Komanso, munthu lotchedwa madalitso zinthu monga ndalama, dziko wamba ndi zina zotero N..

Kwa eni udindo wapadera ayenera kutsatira njira yapadera, monga "adzakhala 'Wammwambamwamba", "Ufumu", "Grace", etc. Komanso, pafupifupi njonda wolemekezeka anawapatsira mwayi ndi udindo ana kapena akazi ... Komabe, panali maudindo amene sangathe wobadwa nawo, iwo amene amaperekedwa kwa anthu makamaka lokha pa moyo wake.

Masiku ano, pamene anthu otchuka anakhala mbali, maudindo ambiri a dziko musataye zopalira awo udindo mu boma. Akhalebe monga mwambo wokongola.

Limodzi la mayiko angapo ano pamene ufumu lili, ndi United Kingdom. Chigamulo ake Koroleva Elizaveta II ndipo akadali mwachangu anapereka maudindo a otchuka. Kwenikweni, ndi amisiri, mu nthawi zina - nkhondo ngwazi. Pa nthawi yomweyo, aliyense amene lero angatenge udindo m'manja mwa wolamulira British, wotchedwa njonda ndi chithandizo choyenera, "bwana," ndi bwino kusamutsa kwa ana awo.

Mitundu ya maudindo a otchuka

Monga ulamuliro, m'mayiko ambiri a dziko knighthood onse m'magulu angapo yotakata, malingana ndi luso kukhala wamphamvu mu dziko.

• maudindo chabe la anthu otchuka. gulu izi zikuphatikiza boyars, awnings, barons, udindo, earls, Chevalier, kazoku ndi zina zotero. N. N'zodabwitsa kuti ngakhale onyamula maudindo awa sakanakhoza kulowa Mphamvu mu boma, ndipo mwana wawo anali kupita mu udindo, ndipo ngakhale akhale akazi a anthu oyamba mu dziko.
• Maudindo olamulira. Monga dzina lake likunenera, malo a chotero udindo kupereka ufulu wokatenga mphamvu. Pa nthawi yomweyo, malingana ndi dziko ndi njira yake ya moyo, ndi mayiko ena ali tinatengera maudindo ndi olamulira osankhidwa. Choncho, Prince, Mfumu, Mfumu, Mfumu Khan, Shah-mfumu, etc. - .. Izi ndi udindo, kupereka munthu mwayi kulamulira boma chifukwa chakuti iye anabadwa mu banja ndi lakuti. Monga ulamuliro, mphamvu ya kupeza mtundu uliwonse wa mkulu ndi anadutsa ana ake kudzera mu mzere wa mwamuna. Childs, akulowetsani mmalo osiyanasiyana, nayenso, anali ndi udindo wapadera: Dauphin, kalonga, korona kalonga, Korona Prince, Korona Prince, .. Şehzade etc. mayina osankhidwa m'gulu: ndi Doge, Jarl, mtsogoleri ndi Mfumu (mizati).

Special mutu "kalonga" wa Asilavo

Mosiyana Europe ndi East, ku Russia, izo zachitika dongosolo yakeyake boma. Pa mutu wa boma wakhala mkulu. Pamaso pa Kubwera kwa mtundu wa Rurik sanali cholowa mutu, ndi voti. Koma kenako zinthu zinasintha.

Monga ambiri a dongosolo motsatizana dziko mu nthawi ya Kievan Lazaro anakhala wolamulira wa wamkulu wa banja, monga mwa mkulu agnatic. Iye analandira udindo wa Grand Duke, ndi ena abale ake (abale, amalume ndi nephews) anakhala ang'onoang'ono ambuye, omwe analandira mphamvu mu mizinda yofunika kwambiri ya boma. Chotero dongosolo la boma ankalimbikitsa makangano kwa zaka zambiri ali otha ake.

Utatha wa Kievan Lazaro mutu "kalonga" pang'onopang'ono m'malo ndi ena, monga "Mfumu," "Mfumu," "Mfumu."

Munthu woyamba anasintha dzina la mkuru wa Zitsulo (król - mfumu) ndi Russia (mfumu). Pankhaniyi yekha dzina lakuti "kalonga" lili, koma anayamba perekani ana ake ndi abale ena aamuna a Mfumu kulamulira kwa Russian Ufumu. Ndi kufika ulamuliro wa Soviet linathetsedwa, komanso maganizo kwambiri kwa anthu otchuka.

Mutu maganizo a "Russia Onse"

Utatha wa Kievan Lazaro pa mabwinja ake ali maukulu angapo osiyana: Vladimir, Galich, Chernigov, Ryazan, Smolensk ndi ena. Patapita zaka zingapo nkhondo pakati pawo ndi Turkey, amphamvu kwambiri dera panali Muscovy.

Pofuna kutsimikizira woyenera kulamulira pa mayiko a Kievan Lazaro, akalonga a Moscow anayamba kuwonjezera dzina lake ndi mtundu wa mutu - "Russia Onse". N'zochititsa chidwi kuti dzina limeneli poyamba ntchito ndi kalonga wina yekha kukweza yekha pamwamba pa olamulira ena a maukulu. Pachifukwa chimenechi, monga mutu ntchito zawo mayina Polish ndi Chilituyaniya mafumu ndi olamulira a wotchedwa Galicia-Volyn ukulu.

Nyengo mu Ukraine kazatchestva hetman osiyana mu makalata zamtendere komanso n'kukagwiritsa mutu "Hetman wa Zaporizhia asilikali ndi onse Russia."

Kuwonjezera kwa olamulira a dziko, mutu anali mwakhama ntchito, ndi atsogoleri. Choncho, mkubwela kwa Chikristu Lazaro Metropolitans onse anayamba ntchito manambala oyambirira "Russia Onse" dzina lake ndi mutu. Mwambo umenewu zinasungidwa mu Russian Orthodox atsogoleri lero. Koma Metropolitan wa Chiyukireniya Orthodox Church Kiev Orthodox ali ndi udindo yosiyana - "Onse Ukraine-Yairo.

maudindo masewera

Ngakhale kuti akangokhala membala otchuka yaitali kungathandize chofunika, monga kale, lero makamaka wotchuka mwambo ntchito maudindo masewera. Mwa njira, iwo ayenera Musasokonezeke ndi maudindo masewera ( "Mwini Sports", "analemekeza mphunzitsi"), amene tapatsidwa kupambana munthu pa mpikisano nduna ndipo anatumizidwa kwa mwini wake kuti moyo.

Sports mutu - chinachake. Iwo anatumizidwa ndi wothamanga pa mpikisano wina, koma anamuuza basi asanakhale mu ndime yotsatira. Pachifukwa ichi, nthawi zonse mwachindunji imene chaka kapena zaka munthu ali wopambana mu mpikisano.

Wotchuka mutu wa mtundu wake mu dziko la masewera - udindo dziko. Anapatsidwa mu mpira, Chess, olimbitsa nkhonya ndi khalidwe zina zambiri.

Komanso, maudindo ndi kupeza chigonjetso mu zochitika sanali masewero monga kupeza katswiri dziko pa masewera a pakompyuta, kapena mipikisano kukongola.

Maudindo mu PV - ichi ndi chiyani

Kuwonjezera pa pamwamba pa zonse, maudindo ndi waperekedwanso kwa osewera nthawi zonse Chinese oswerera angapo Intaneti masewera Wangwiro World.

Kugwira ntchito yeniyeni, ophunzira akhoza kupeza udindo ena, malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa zikayenda bwino, monga "Ghostbusters," "Wankhondo ya Sun", "Stargazer" ndi ena. lawo amakhala ndi mwayi patsogolo maluso a khalidwe lanu, komanso kumakupatsani mwayi makhalidwe osiyanasiyana masewera.

"Buku" tanthauzo la mawu akuti "mutu"

Popeza anachitira ndi tanthauzo la liwu lofotokozera kapena lokamba pansi kulingalira, pa mapeto ayenera kuphunzira ndi makhalidwe ake ena.

Aliyense amene angawerenge bwino mawu oti "mutu wa buku" kapena "kutsogolo tsamba". Izi ndi mutu wa tsamba, chotsatira pambuyo tsamba ndi avantula. Nthawi zambiri limasonyeza mutu, wolemba, malo ndi chaka cha buku, zina - yosindikiza.

Title - mutu ndi dzina la nkhani kapena buku lina.

Komanso, mawu amenewa agwiritsidwa ntchito lamulo kutanthauza gawo makamaka za malamulo.