Yosatha puronauni: malamulo ndi kuchotserapo

Yosatha puronauni akutanthauza chosadziwika kapena sakudziwika referent (chinthu, munthu) kapena pamalo ake. mawu awa monga: chinachake, winawake, chinachake, aliyense, chirichonse, aliyense, etc. Iwo anapanga ku mawu akuti interrogative, ndipo sanali ntchito kuwatonthoza ndi postfix kutanthauza koe. , someday. kapena. Mwachitsanzo, munthu - wina, winawake, wina, wina; kumene - kwinakwake, malo, kwinakwake, paliponse; zingati - zingati pang'ono, kapena zochepa.

Gawo pamaziko a kalekale akuti Reference

Choncho, mawu yamuyaya Chirasha anawagawa:

• Reference - mfundo ndi chinthu imeneyo alipo mwachoonadi (koe ndiye, chinachake, munthu). Nawonso puronauni Buku akhoza kugawidwa pamaziko a akudziwika kapena sakudziwika kwa makalasi awiri:
  
  1) akuti bwino kumatanthauza - ntchito imeneyi wolankhulayo amadziwika chinthu, koma pa nthawi yomweyo, musaganize kuti imathamanga womverayo (koe umodzi, ndiye mtengo koe) (Mwachitsanzo: Ndikuuza wina chinsinsi);
  
  2) njakata mawu - ntchito kusonyeza osadziwika chinthu wokamba (pa mawu kutanthauza) (Mwachitsanzo: Mwa Ivan munthu wina anafika).
• Non-referential - amasonyeza unfixed, mosadziwika chinthu (chilichonse chinali kapena, tsiku lina) (Mwachitsanzo: I kupemphera kuti munthu wina).

Akuti prefixed ndi zosakhudzana

Awa: ina, ena, chinachake. Anthu awiri oyambirira akuti zikusonyeza kutchuka, kutchula wolankhulayo osadziwika kumva. Apo ayi iwo wosayesedwa motere: akuti kalekale. Bwana iwo akhoza kukonza kotero:

• Kwa ine mu Nyumba anadza munthu wamng'ono, atavala mwinjiro woyera.
• nyumba anabwera aphunzitsi anga, munthu Ivasjuk, zodabwitsa mphunzitsi ndi munthu.

Komanso zino akuti nthawi zina kusonyeza introduktivnoy ntchito, mwachitsanzo. E. Pakuti oyamba pa chiyambi cha mawu a zilembo atsopano komanso zochitika. Mwachitsanzo:

• Mu ufumu ...

Chinachake, winawake, zina lingapereke sakudziwika kwa wolankhulayo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti iwo kusintha mawu akuti kutanthauza. Mwachitsanzo:

• Chinachake woyera ndipo amathamanga fluffy ndi kudumpha pa glade nkhalango.

Akuti pa -So

Yosatha puronauni kuti -Kodi cholinga kusonyeza osadziwika wolankhulayo linati:

• Ine anamvetsera mwatcheru ndipo anazindikira kuti kwenikweni pali munthu mu chipinda.

Komanso pa mawu kutanthauza sangathe ntchito mu kwenikweni tanthauzo lake, ndi tanthauzo tsiku lina:

• Wina ayenera tsopano kukhala pa ntchito.

Kuwonjezera pamenepa, pali nkhani pa introduktivnuyu -So tikhoza kuchita ntchito ya:

• Ena wophunzira-katswiri analemba pa bolodi absurdity izi.

Mawu kuti tsiku lina

Mtengo wa sanali referential puronauni anatsimikiza pamaziko a wonena za zamalankhulidwe ndi mitundu nkhani kumene akuti ntchito.

Puronauni kuti tsiku lina kumasonyeza kuti amaona njira ina (kuthekera) ndi mnzake. Ndiko kuti, mu nkhani iyi, limatanthawuza kuti ndi nkhani ya "kuchokera-mumayendera." mtundu uwu maziko angayambe:

• ngati pali vuto anatchula m'tsogolo;
• ngati panali vuto, ndi zina, ngakhale anatchula pano kapena m'mbuyomu;
• ntchito nkhani Distributivity.

Choncho lingalirani zonse izi mwatsatanetsatane. Mbali yoyamba, ndi puronauni kalekale kuti tsiku lina ntchito:

• kalembedwe tsogolo nthawi (iye adzatsogolera zitsanzo; adzakumana kwinakwake);
• Yoika m'tsogolo, kuphatikizapo zopempha (Irina akufuna kupita kwina, Vladimir akufunafuna chinachake chidwi kwa inu, iye akufunsa kuti iye chinachake kulemba);
• chifukwa kuyesetsa (kupatula nkhani ya kulankhula mchitidwe wa chilolezo, ngakhale kuti ndi) (Imbirani chinachake, mungathe kutiuza chimene vesi iliyonse, mwamsanga download filimu);
• mphamvu modality kapena nkofunika (izo zikanakhoza (ayenera) winawake kuitana kuti munthu kumuuza; muyenera munthu kuitana);
• subjunctive, oplativa (bwino anatenga chakumwa; ndinali wokonzeka kuchita chilichonse kwa iye);
• kudziwa chandamale (kotero kuti achite chinachake, tiyenera ndalama).

Ngati chachiwiri, puronauni ntchito mawu akuti:

• (UN) ndithu, mwina (ndikukayikira ndi kuchita chinachake, sindikuganiza kuti iwo chirichonse chokhudza izo, zodabwitsa kuti iwo sanapeze chilichonse, iye nkomwe kulikonse kumanzere; n'zoonekeratu kuti aliyense ndinaitana; ngati iye wabweretsa chinachake (dzulo));
• Funso (komanso losafuna) funso mfundo (Wina wotchedwa Kodi aliyense kukayikira chilichonse kuti zimenezi n'zoona?);
• disjunction (anatengako Alain kapena aliyense anzake);
• zinthu (ngati chilichonse chobisika, iwo pantchitoyi);
• epistimicheskoy modality (munthu akhoza kumukhumudwitsa);
• kukana mu subordinating predication (sindikuganiza kuti iwo ayenera kusintha chilichonse).

Pakuti nkhani lachitatu tchulani zitsanzo zimenezi: Aliyense kutsogolera aliyense naye.

Interrogative akuti, chikhalire pogwira ntchito

Chosadziwika mtundu zizichitika ena akhoza zasiyidwa. Tiyeni tifananize za ntchito mawu yamuyaya mafunso mozungulira, ndipo Akumakambirananso makonzedwe:

funso sitipereka :

• Iye anaganiza ndipo ndinaganiza, ndipo komabe kuitana - kupeza ngati zimene mukufuna.
• Kuchokera ngodya ya diso lake anayesa kuti awone ngati pali pafupi makina.

Makonzedwe chiganizo :

• Ngati zinthu zabwino zimachitika - adzakhala osangalala.
• Ngati wina abwera, sayatsa nyali wobiriwira.

Kalekale mawu akuti

Kuwonjezera awa akuti miyambo kalekale, iwo mulinso:

• Reduplicated puronauni: kwinakwake kumene munthu amene (ndani amene, ndipo iye sankadziwa).
• Akuti zochokera index munali formant kutanthauza (kotero ndi choncho, pali chinachake, chifukwa chinachake, etc.) (Ndiye chinthu china, chinachake mungathandize pofuna).
• Ena mwa mawu wachokera ku zigawo zosiyana za kulankhula, kutumikira buku chosadziwika: napodobii kuphatikiza chimodzi kapena chimzake; Adjectives ankatchedwa kumatanthauza; numeral wina.
• mayunitsi Pronominal ndi prepositive chigawo "mapaziwo apangidwa" - puronauni zomangamanga zochokera spusinga, dunno-mtundu: sindikudziwa yemwe (sichoncho) zikuonekeratu kuti palibe aliyense akudziwa pamene Ine sindikukumbukira komanso anthu ena.
• Pronominal mayunitsi munali postpositive chigawo "kvazirelyativy" - pronominal yamanga munali maziko peakless Akumakambirananso wachibale: kulikonse, monga zidzachitika, aliyense amene mukufuna, ndi zina zotero ..

Zoipa ndipo kalekale akuti

Kumayambiriro ife ananena kuti mawu kalekale anapanga kuchokera interrogative ndi prefixes zina ndi postfix. Koma popanda iwo, kuchokera mawonekedwe interrogative ndipo kungakhale mawu oipa, kokha nthawi imeneyi mothandizidwa ndi prefixes monga sanali - ni- ndi kumene - pali paliponse zambiri - konse, amene - palibe, pamene - nthawi, etc ..

Komanso zoipa ndi kalekale akuti ndi chinthu china wamba: makhalidwe awo syntactic ndi morphological lifanane ndi anthu ndipo anthu limene iwo anapanga, ndiye, kuchokera interrogative.

Akuti ndi kugawanika zoipa

Kuonetsetsa akuti kalekale, yodziwika polarizations negative. Zikuphatikizapo; zonse ndi kutha mu-kapena. M'mawu ena tinganene kuti iwo amakhala ndi nkhani zoipa. Pankhaniyi, iwo akhoza m'malo zizichitika nthawi zina akuti negative. Mwachitsanzo:

• Sindinaonepo iliyonse (kalekale puronauni) kukana pa njira zawo za moyo.

M'malo ntchito lothekera la mtundu lililonse. Komanso, mawu awa akhoza m'malo popanda negative. Kapena izi:

• Sindikufuna kusintha chilichonse / Ine sinditi kusintha chilichonse.

Ndi ofunika ponena ndi chapadera: ngati negation ntchito mu mzera waukulu, mzera wamng'ono akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kapena china - kapena, ngati n'zosatheka - puronauni negative. Mwachitsanzo:

• Sizikudziwika ngati buku ili nthawi (koma osati konse) mwachita.

Kulemba mawu oipa ndi kalekale

Mukhoza kusankha mitundu ya malamulo kulemba mawu awa:

• ntchito particles ndi aliyense;
• osiyana ndi zinaphatikizidwa particles si kulemba osati ndi akuti;
• defisnoe kalembedwe akuti.

Choncho:

• tinthu si olembedwa ndi Chitaliyana, palibe - palibe nkhawa (palibe, wina, kanthu, chinachake, penapake, ayi konse, paliponse, paliponse, chinachake kanthu).
• Ngati palibe chowiringula, particles ayi ndipo ngakhalenso akadalembedwa monga mawu amodzi (palibe, ochepa, chinthu chimene munthu, ayi, ayi), ndipo ngati alipo padera, pa malingaliro uyu ayenera kuima pakati pa particles ndipo mawu (palibe mmodzi, palibe munthu, kwa kanthu, kuti kanthu). Choncho, ife osakaniza kuti tichipeza mawu atatu.
• Kulemba mawu kalekale kuti zikuphatikizapo ndi manambala oyambirira koe ndi suffixes tsiku lina ndiye, m'pofunika kapena hyphenate.
• Mawu kanthu kalikonse (aliyense), winanso (wina) sunalembedwe kuti tinthu, ndipo payokha mu kukhalapo kwa particles monga anapambulwa sanamwe. Akuti palibe ndi kanthu akadalembedwa mogwirizana ndi malamulo onse, ndicho popanda kupanikizika ndi opanda anawagwiritsira kapena tinthu ife kulemba, ndi puronauni pamodzi (china chilichonse (ena), palibe wina (ena)).
• Mu mawu pamwambapa angamatsutse kuonetsedwa osati mwa Union komanso koma kuti ayenera patsogolo osakanizidwa (nkhaniyo kwa iye ndi agogo ake, ndi wina). Dziwani kuti awa ma ya negation chiweruzo sadzapezekapo.
• Koma mawu wina aliyense (ena), kanthu kalikonse (ena), iwo anali kuchita ndi chitsutso, monga chiweruzo, kumene kukana (Palibe wina ndi bwino kwa inu kuchita) ndipo kawirikawiri chiweruzo pamene palibe kumakana (yekha amachita ndipo palibe wina). Tikumbukenso kuti tinthu a kuphatikiza aliyense deta analembera akuti pamodzi.

Monga mmene taonera, kalembedwe ka za mawu oipa ndi kalekale muli malamulo mwachilungamo yosavuta ena kuchotserapo kwa iwo. Choncho, ngati nkwabwino kumvetsa nkhaniyi, mavuto ndi kalembedwe zolondola ndi Mawu akuti izi siziyenera kukhala. Ndipo anthu amene amaphunzira English, akuti kalekale si chifukwa mavuto alionse, chifukwa iwo ntchito malamulo ofanana kwa anthu amene chinenero cha Chirasha.

Zitsanzo za malamulo English

Mmene mungagwiritsire ambiri akuti kalekale. English Zikuphatikizapo :. iliyonse, chinachake, munthu wina, winawake, chirichonse, aliyense, aliyense, etc. Choncho:

• puronauni woyamba nthawi zambiri ntchito ziganizo ndi kukana zolaula, silinatchulidwe kukana, komanso nkhani;
• Zitatu zotsatirazi ntchito ziganizo inde pankhani zokhudzana ndi chilichonse;
• zomalizira ntchito mu chiganizo zoipa; mu funso ambiri; mu chiganizo makonzedwe; mu ziganizo inde ndi zoipa, ngati puronauni ntchito kutanthauza "aliyense, wina".