Amene anatulukira zilembo za chinenero cha Chirasha? Kodi zilembo Russian?

Ntchito ya kulemba chitukuko cha anthu sangathe n'kofunika. Ngakhale pamaso pa Kubwera kwa makalata athu mwachizolowezi wa anthu akale unakhudzadi pa miyala zosiyanasiyana ndi miyala. Choyamba panali zithunzi, ndipo kenako m'malo mwa zilembo. Pomaliza kunabwera yabwino kutumiza ndi kumvetsa mfundo kalata mothandizidwa ndi makalata. Patapita zaka Zakachikwi, zizindikiro izi, zizindikiro kuthandiza m'maulendo ake m'mbuyomu ya anthu ambiri. A udindo wapadera mu nkhani iyi ankaimba zipilala kulemba: waika yosiyanasiyana ya malamulo ndi zikalata zofunikira, ntchito mabuku ndi Maulendo a anthu otchuka.

Masiku ano, kudziwa za amene anatulukira zilembo za chinenero cha Chirasha, kumasonyeza osati kukula m'nzeru ya munthu, koma amasankha mzimu wake ku dziko limene iye anabadwa ndi moyo.

Kodi izo zonse zinayamba

Ndipotu, maziko kwa chilengedwe cha zilembo anaika Foinike kumapeto kwa 2 Zakachikwi BC. e. Iwo anabwera ndi zilembo, amene ankagwiritsa ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali. Kenako, zilembo awo anabwereka ndi changwiro Agiriki: izo anaonekera mavawelo. Inali 8 m'ma BC. e. mbiri winanso wa zilembo za chinenero cha Chirasha ungasonyezedwere chiwembu kuti: Chigiriki kalata - ndi Latin zilembo - ndi Chisililiki Asilavo. Yotsirizira anali ngati maziko kwa chilengedwe cha kulemba chiwerengero cha anthu ofanana.

Mapangidwe limati wakale

Kwa 1st m'ma AD, ndondomeko kuwola akuyamba mafuko okhala m'dera la kum'mawa kwa Ulaya ndi kulankhula wamba chinenero Proto-Asilavo. Chifukwa, mu pafupi ndi Dnieper pakati anapanga Kievan Lazaro, amene anadzakhala likulu la dziko lalikulu. gawo lake, ukhale wa Asilavo kum'mawa, amene kenako anapanga yekha wapadera moyo wawo ndi miyambo. Zakhala inakulitsidwa ndi nkhani ya mmene anadza zilembo Russian.

Kukula ndi kulimbitsa boma kugwirizananso zachuma ndi chikhalidwe ndi mayiko ena, makamaka Western European. Ndipo chifukwa kuti kulemba zofunika makamaka kuyambira Russia anayamba kubweretsa woyamba Church Chisilavo mabuku. Pa nthawi yomweyo pali kufooka chikunja ndi unafalikira ku Ulaya la chipembedzo chatsopano - Christianity. Zinali ndiye ndi panali Akufunika kuti "Kutulukira" wa zilembo limene chiphunzitso chatsopano adzakhala kuuza Asilavo onse. Anakhala zilembo za Chisililiki, analengedwa ndi "abale a ku Tesalonika."

Zofunika Utumiki wa Constantine ndi Methodius

M'zaka za m'ma 9 ana a Agiriki wolemekezeka wa Tesalonika m'malo mwa mfumu Byzantine anapita ku Moravia - nthawi mkhalidwe wamphamvu, ili mmalire a masiku ano Slovakia ndi Czech Republic. Ntchito yawo inali kuti atchule Asilavo amene ankakhala ku Eastern Europe, ndi ziphunzitso za Kristu ndi malingaliro cha Orthodox, komanso akuchititsa kulambira m'chinenero chawo chifukwa anthu akuderalo. Chisankho anagwa pa abale awiri mwangozi: ali luso m'gulu, chitani changu apadera maphunziro awo. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, onse mwangwiro katswiri Chigiriki ndi Asilavo. Constantine (asanamwalire, pambuyo malonjezo monga Chimonko, iye anapatsidwa dzina latsopano - Cyril, amene analowa mbiri) ndi Methodius anakhala anthu amene anatulukira zilembo za chinenero cha Chirasha. Iyo mwina inali zotsatira lapadera kwambiri ntchito yawo m'chaka 863.

Chisililiki

Pamene munakonza zilembo abale Asilavo ntchito zilembo Greek. Letters chofanana katchulidwe mu zinenero za anthu awiri, iwo anasiya sichinasinthe. Amatanthauza Asilavo phokoso kulankhula kwina kwa Agiriki, 19 zizindikiro atsopano anatulukira. Chifukwa, ndi zilembo latsopano inali makalata 43, ndipo ambiri mwa kenako analowa alifabeti ya anthu kamodzi amalankhula chilankhulo chimodzi.

Koma nkhani ya amene anatulukira zilembo za chinenero cha Chirasha sikuthetsa kumeneko. Kwa zaka zambiri, Asilavo 9-10 mitundu iwiri ya zilembo anali nacho: Chisililiki (amene atchulidwa pamwambapa) ndiponso Chigilagoliti. Wachiwiri muli ochepa makalata - 38 kapena 39, chizindikiro awo zinali zovuta kwambiri. Komanso, zizindikiro yoyamba posonyeza manambala zina.

Choncho kaya Cyril zilembo anatulukira?

Kwa zaka zingapo ofufuza amavutika yankho yotsimikizika funso limeneli. Mu "The Life of Cyril," izo ananena kuti "ndi m'bale wake ... ndi ophunzira ... zinali zilembo Asilavo ...". Ngati ndi choncho, ndiye ndani wa awiri - Chisililiki ndi Chigilagoliti - ndi chilengedwe chake? nkhaniyi ndi zovuta chifukwa chakuti mipukutu, anapanga Cyril ndi Methodius, sanali apulumutsidwa, ndipo kenako (zokhudza zaka 9-10) - sanatchulidwe wina wa alifabeti iyi.

Kuti timvetse amene anatulukira zilembo za chinenero cha Chirasha, ofufuza ankachititsa kwambiri za kafukufuku. Makamaka, iwo akuyerekezedwa ndi mzake ndipo analipo ngakhale pamaso maonekedwe alifabeti zawo ndi kusanthula mu zotsatira mwatsatanetsatane. Sitinadziwe anafika vutoli, koma ambiri amavomereza kuti Cyril anali zambiri anatulukira Chigilagoliti, ngakhale pamaso pa ulendo Moravia. Izi zimatheka chifukwa chakuti chiwerengero cha makalata zinali pafupi zotheka dongosolo phonetic a Chisilavo Chakale cha Tchalitchi (cholinga mwachindunji kulemba). Komanso, Kufufuza ake makalata Chigilagoliti mu kunadetsa wosiyana Greek ndi zimbalangondo ndi nkhope kulemba ano.

Chisililiki bwino inakhala maziko a zilembo Russian (Azariya + beeches - dzina makalata ake oyamba) akhoza analenga ndi mmodzi mwa ophunzira a Constantine - Clement Ohritskim. Iye anaupatsa dzinali polemekeza aphunzitsi.

Mapangidwe zilembo Russian

Kaya amene anatulukira zilembo za Chisililiki, kuti inakhala maziko a chilengedwe cha Russian zilembo ano ndi zilembo.

Mu 988 Ancient Russia kuti Chikhristu, amene kwambiri bwanji tsogolo la chinenero. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo mapangidwe kulemba wake. Pang'ono Old Russian chinenero, ozikidwa pa Chisililiki zilembo bwino. Zinali njira yaitali, imene inatha pambuyo 1917. Ndiye wakhala anasintha posachedwapa zilembo, chimene ife ntchito lero.

Kodi kusintha Chisililiki

Pamaso zilembo Russian ali tione kuti ndi lero, mfundo ABC-choyamba kakusintha kusintha. Kusintha kwambiri inayamba mu zaka 1708-10 pansi Peter Ine mu 1917-18 pambuyo zisinthe.

Poyamba, zilembo za Chisililiki, ndi amatikumbutsa kwambiri za kalata Byzantine, zinali zochepa owonjezera, doublet, makalata Mwachitsanzo, N = ine, inu = ѡ - mosakayikira akhala ntchito kulanda phokoso Chibugariya. Panali osiyana ka zizindikiro zimene anatchula ka, katchulidwe breathy.

Pamaso pa ulamuliro wa Peter Ine makamaka yopangidwa kuchokera makalata kutanthauza manambala - iye ndiye anayambitsa nkhani Arabic.

Kusintha choyamba (icho chinali chifukwa cha kufunikira kwake kwa kukafola mapepala boma: ABC anali anagwira 7 makalata: £ (XI), S (kwambiri) ndi kulembedwa mu zolemba mavawelo anawonjezera Ndili (anasiya alipo) e (yobwezeretsanso) Izi kwambiri m'Chingelezi chosavuta. alifabeti, ndipo anatchedwa kuti "yapachiweniweni singaimitse ntchitoyi". Mu 1783, Karamzin anati kalata Y. pambuyo pake, 1917 a makalata Russian zilembo zinafa 4, ndipo b (EP) ndi b (Aef) anayamba kutanthauza yekha kulimba ndi softness a zilembo za .

Kwathunthu anasintha dzina la makalata. Poyamba, aliyense wa iwo ankaimira mawu lonse, ndi zilembo lonse, malinga ndi ofufuza ambiri, anadzazidwa ndi tanthauzo lapadera. Izi anawonetseredwa malingaliro ndi maganizo a anthu amene anatulukira zilembo. Chirasha wateteza kukumbukira makalata oyambirira mayina mu miyambi, ndi mawu. Mwachitsanzo, "kuyambira zikande" - kutanthauza kuti kuchokera pachiyambi ..; "Phi inde izhitsa - aulesi kukwapula pafupi." Zidzachitika ndi phraseologisms: "Tapenya mneni."

Iye akutamanda woyera kwambiri

Creation a zilembo za Chisililiki anali chochitika chachikulu kwa dziko lonse Asilavo. Chiyambi kulemba analola kusamutsa ana anapeza zambiri, kuuza mbiri ulemerero wa mapangidwe ndi chitukuko cha limati palokha. Iwo sakudziwa mwangozi kuti: "Kodi mukufuna kudziwa choonadi - kuyamba ndi zilembo."

Pochitika zaka zana pali kutulukira zinthu zatsopano. Koma amene anabwera ndi zilembo za chinenero cha Chirasha, anakumbukira ulemu. Umboni wa zimenezi ndi tchuthi, tsiku Asilavo Literature, yomwe imachitika chaka chilichonse pa May 24, chikondwerero padziko lonse.