India: chinenero. Hindi, English, Chibengali ndi zina

India - chidwi kwambiri ndi wapadera m'dziko mfundo za mkati kapangidwe ndi kasamalidwe mfundo. mawonekedwe ake a boma - feduro, komanso waukulu utsogoleri unit wa zochita boma la dzikolo. Uliwonse boma kulankhula awo mwalamulo enshrined mu Constitution la chinenero ndi m'zilembo anachokera ku izo. India, yomwe ndi chinenero, kuwonjezera Hindi ndi English akadali asaaonerera pa pyonsene limati 29 (osati kuwerengera asanu Union Magawo), ndi malire pakati pa mfundo dziko ndi zinenero. Pa nkhani imeneyi, iwo zimasiyana kwambiri mu kukula, chiwerengero ndi moyo mfundo ndi zinthu zomwe zilipo.

Kufunika kwa kuphunzira nkhani chilankhulo

Mu pepala ili, mwapadera ayenera linaperekedwa kwa zinthu zinenero ku India, chifukwa tsopano amakhala pachiopsezo kwambiri polingalira njira anaona kufufuta chikhalidwe ndi zina zotchinga mumaganiza kwa azungu. Mu chitsanzo ichi, boma kungakhale kovuta kusunga chizindikiro chawo ndi kukulitsa zina aliyense wa m'zinenero zoposa makumi awiri ndi zinenero zina zambiri kuposa mazana khumi ndi asanu, akufalitsidwa.

Kumene, pa ambiri a iwo wopachikidwa kuopseza kutha, monga India - wachiwiri kwambiri ambiri m'dziko, ndipo aliyense wa zinenero boma monyadira angapo okamba ake (kwa pafupifupi 1.5 miliyoni mpaka miliyoni 423 - Hindi). vuto lagona kukhalabe chiyero cha chinenero (kupewa ngongole ndi simplifications) ndipo ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito iwo, chifukwa choyamba mu Masiku ano usanati English, Spanish ndi zina zotero D. Iwo anali pafupifupi theka la dziko..

Mafotokozedwe mbiri ya mbali ya dziko

Ndipotu, India wakhala mbiri anayamba osati monga boma unitary, ndi zifukwa zomveka. Dziko ndi kunyumba kwa m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana, nachita chipembedzo chawo ndi yoperekedwa kwa magulu osiyana zinenero. anthu onse awa mu zaka osiyana afika ndi kuthetsedwa mayiko Indian. Pakati pa iwo ndi wosiyana ndi anzake: chimodzi mini-limati United anansi pansi mothandizidwa ake, ena ayesetsa kufalitsa chikhulupiriro chawo kapena kumanga kuwombola zachuma. Komabe, osati mtundu umodzi - ndi "Indians" kapena dziko amphamvu ndi khola kugwirizana mkati ndi ambiri Inde ndale sizinayende chifukwa kwa nthawi yaitali.

Mwina pafupi chala mwakuya kwambiri kusamvetsa maganizo a wina ndi mzake ndi kukhulupirirana mgwirizano, kuphatikiza ndi khalidwe passivity Indians kusafuna nkhondo mwachangu chilichonse. Ndipotu panopa India amphamvu kayendedwe Odzipatula ndiponso nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Zilibe unagawanika dziko, mwina chifukwa British anatha yolowera kwa nthawi yaitali kusunga kulamulira limati namanga pa maziko ake kwambiri kapena zochepa ogwira mabungwe a boma, lomwe boma Indian tsopano.

mabanja Language ku India

Dziko ili mu zonse zinayi mwalamulo olembedwa zinenero. Iwo likukhalira kuti:

1. Mu kumpoto ndi pakati kulamulidwa ndi banja m'mayiko a Aryan.
2. South India - Dravidian.
3. North-kum'mawa ndi mbali kufalitsa Sino-Chitibeta zinenero.
4. Kupatula onyamula akhoza olekanitsidwa ndi zinenero Australasian kapena avstraziyskoy gulu (Santals mafuko).

zinenero nduna ya limati Indian, chiwerengero cha onyamula

The Constitution watero 22 zinenero boma. Mmunsimu muli mndandanda wa zinenero za India (kuti mwachisawawa), imene States kugwira kulankhulana zofunika. manambalawo zichokera kwa 2002 kalembera.

• Hindi - miliyoni 422.
• Chiudu - 51 miliyoni 6 (note, chinenero boma la Pakistan).
• Language Chibengali kapena Bengali - miliyoni 83,4.
• Tamil - miliyoni 61,2.
• Telugu - 75 miliyoni.
• Chimarathi (chinenero cha mayiko ambiri olemera - Maharashtra) - miliyoni 81,3.
• Chigujarati - 47 miliyoni.
• Chikannada - miliyoni 38,7.
• Chipunjabi - 30 miliyoni.
• Kashmiri - miliyoni 5,9.
• Oriya - 34 miliyoni.
• Malayalam - 34, 1 Mill.
• Chiasamizi - miliyoni 13.9.
• Maithili - 13, 1 miliyoni.
• Santalsky - 7.2 Mill.
• Nepali - miliyoni 2.9 Nchito.
• Chisindi - miliyoni 2,7.
• Dogra - 2.4 Mill.
• Manipuri - 1.5 Mill.
• Konkani - 2.5 Mill.
• Bodo - miliyoni 1.4.
• Chisansikiriti - chinenero chakufa.

India: The chinenero - Hindi

Ngati zolondola kwambiri kuganizira zinthu chinenero, amene ali India, ndi chinenero iye sali yekha - pali awiri. Koma kumbali Choyamba a chinenero Hindi imene, mwa njira, ati boma la boma. Iye ndi lolankhulalankhula ndipo pamodzi ndi Chiudu, Chibengali, Chipunjabi, etc. linachokera ku chakale m'mayiko a Aryan - .. Chisansikiriti. Iye akuyankhula kwa iwo za miliyoni 422-423 anthu, kupanga Hindi wachiwiri chinenero ambiri mu dziko.

The zokhudzana ndi udindo wa English

Involuntarily funso n'lakuti: chifukwa mu India chinenero boma - English, kumene ubwenzi? Kuthandiza mfundo mbiri ya dziko lapansi. Iwo likukhalira kuti ngakhale m'zaka za m'ma 17 England ndi anthu okhazikika mwa iye East India Company zinachititsa kuti ntchito yake malonda ndi India. Popeza wotopa magwero wakale patsogolo, boma la Britain kwa zaka zana (by chaka 1850) anagonjetsa dziko lonse, ndi India anakhala njuchi la Great Britain. Panali anakhazikitsa dongosolo lake, maulamuliro, ndi English chambiri malonda, ndi anthu wamba ankachita nawo kupanga kundipatsako kwa zipangizo ndi kupanga katundu.

Pa nthawi imene mu ufumu British, pamene mu 1947 sanali analengeza ufulu wodzilamulira, anthu India ndi akokedwa mu asapita capitalist, British anaphunzira kasamalidwe ake lachitsanzo anatengera chinenero cha agonjetsi ndi njira kawo. Choncho, India, ndi chinenero ndi Hindi, chingerezi kuzindikira ofanana wake wofunika.

Yotsirizira amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito polankhula ndi alendo. Mwachitsanzo, iye ankachita mwachangu m'munda wa zokopa alendo, chifukwa nambala yaikulu alendo chaka chilichonse kupita pa tchuthi pa nyanja ya Indian Ocean. Komanso, English misonkhano malonda a amalonda ndi andale ku India ndi abwenzi anzake ochokera m'mayiko. Dziko pambuyo ufulu sanataye ndi Ubale ndi yapamwamba Britain, iye ndi membala wa mayiko British Commonwealth.

Pomaliza

Choncho, India akufotokozera m'malo ovuta kumvetsa zinthu chinenero. Ndipotu, pamene aliyense wa limati mu dziko amapanga kulankhulana makamaka chinenero chake boma, ndi kovuta kukhala kumanga wamba ndondomeko zoweta mu boma. Pangakhale kusamvana, mavuto ndi lipoti lolondola mfundo, abadwe kusakhulupirirana boma la mphamvu kapena kayendedwe dziko. Komabe, pali mbali positive. Kupezeka kwa oterowo osiyanasiyana lalikulu la zinenero India imafotokoza kuti aliyense wa iwo chikugwirizana ndi makhalidwe ena chikhalidwe, mfundo ya anthu ntchito. Choncho, India lero ndi dziko ndi wolemera cholowa chikhalidwe kuti imachititsa chidwi cha anthu padziko lonse. Choncho, chikhalidwe Indian amamuonera ulemu ndi kuvomereza gawo lake, motero chitsimikizo cha chuma m'tsogolo.