Imfa Aleksandra Makedonskogo: chifukwa, Baibulo, malo ndi chaka. Ufumu Aleksandra Makedonskogo akadzamwalira

Malinga ndi zikalata wakale, imfa Aleksandra Makedonskogo anabwera June 10 323 BC. e. Wamkulu akazembe ndi zaka 32 zokha. Kufikira tsopano, mbiri yakale sangathe pikhadacita kuchoka kwake ku moyo. Imfa yadzidzidzi Aleksandra Makedonskogo, amakhala kumatanthauza wolowa wake, zinachititsa kugwa kwa ufumu wake ndi chilengedwe cha madera osiyanasiyana, kutsogozedwa ndi warlords ananyamuka anapita kwa mfumu yaikulu.

Bwererani ku Babulo

Mu 323 BC. e. Agiriki Army kumbuyo kumadzulo. Dzina lake Aleksandr Makedonsky anamaliza ulendo wake kum'mawa, kufika mpaka kukafika India. Iye anatha kulenga ufumu waukulu anatambasula ku Balkans kuti Iran ndi ku Central Asia ku Egypt. Iwo kulibe monga boma yaikulu amene anaonekera kwenikweni usiku chifuniro cha mkulu mu mbiri ya anthu.

Imfa Aleksandra Makedonskogo mmwamba ku Babulo. Zinali chitsime kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa njira, kutenga madzi kuchokera kumtsinje wa Firate. mzinda zambiri akudwala matenda ndi miliri. Mwina apa kuti Mfumu ya Mafumu anatenga matenda.

maliro Hephaestion a

Mu chaka chatha a moyo wake, Alexander anakhala overstrained ndi zolakwika. maliro ake chifukwa cha imfa ya mnzake wapamtima ndi zoyerekeza mkulu Hephaistion. Tiyeni tonse zinachitika mu amangokhala ali pikitipikiti kugwirizana ndi pamaliro. Kuti Hephaestion nsanja yaitali ya kachisi yaikulu inamangidwa, amene anali chokongoletsedwa ndi zikho zambiri tinasonkhanitsa pa kampeni kummawa.

Mfumu inalamula kuti atumize ku madera onse a ufumuwo lamulo mnzake ayenera onani ngati ngwazi (kwenikweni anali udindo polubozhestva). Kukhala achipembedzo kwambiri ndi malodza munthu, Alexander Ufumuyo wofunika kwambiri kwa zinthu zoterozo. Mwa zina, iye anazungulira yekha ndi aneneri ndi maula ambiri.

Ulendo wa Firate

Babulo anakwiyitsa Alexander. Iye mwachidule anasiya mzinda wotukuka kufufuza mtsinje wa Firate ndi m'madambo wapafupi. Mfumu ankati bungwe kukaona mwa nyanja, kuzungulira ku Arabiya. Akatswiri mabanki mtsinje, kuyesera kuti muganize momwe kuika pafupi ndi zombo Babulo 1200, umene posachedwapa anali kupita.

Pa ulendo uno, mphepo anang'amba mutu wa mkulu wa chipewa chake chofiira ndi riboni golide kuti anavala monga korona wa. Aneneri amene anamvera mfumu anaganiza kuti Pankhaniyi - ndi zoipa, zomwe sizikumuonekera bwino. Pamene imfa Aleksandra Makedonskogo anali zoona, ambiri pafupifupi anakumbukira mlandu wa munthu chidwi wa Firate.

Rift mu lute ndi

Chakumapeto May, mfumu anabwerera ku Babulo. Iye anazisiya maliro ake imasonyeza imfa ya bwenzi ndipo anayamba kudya ndi anzake. Kumabweretsa chikondwerero nsembe kwa milungu, ndipo asilikali anayamba Tinkagawa olandiridwa goodies - zambiri vinyo ndi nyama. Ku Babulo, chikondwerero bwino Nearchus ulendo ku Gulf. Komanso mfumuyo inali kupita ndawala lotsatira.

Kumayambiriro June, Alexander anaonekera malungo. Iye anayesera kuti amuchotsepo matenda, kutenga osamba ndi kupereka nsembe kuwolowa manja kwa milungu. Mphekesera zokhudza matenda a mfumu zinawukhira mu mzinda. Pamene moni gulu lake, koma maonekedwe ake lonse ananena kuti mfumu umachitika poyera pamaziko a June 8, khamu okondwa Makedoniya anathyola mu okhala wolamulira wake, mfumu.

imfa Alesandro

Tsiku lotsatira, June 9, Alexander zidagwa chikomokere, ndi 10 cha madokotala kutchulidwa imfa yake. Kwa zaka zambiri, mbiri yakale wa mibadwo yosiyana anapereka zosiyanasiyana ziphunzitso za zimene zinachititsa kusiya moyo wa mkulu wachinyamata, nthawi zonse chinasiyana ndi thanzi labwino. Mu sayansi yamakono, maganizo ambiri, amene amanena kuti chifukwa cha imfa Aleksandra Makedonskogo ali kutali zongoganiza.

Ambiri mwina, mfumu malungo. Iwo chimaonekadi wofooka thupi, ndipo sanachite kulimbana ndi kutukusira kwa mapapo (mu Baibulo lina - khansa). Zokambirana pa matenda chachiwiri amapha akadali akupitirirabe. Malinga ndi chiphunzitso zochepa wotchuka, chifukwa cha imfa Aleksandra Makedonskogo anali West Nile malungo.

Version poyizoni wa

Chofunika n'chakuti palibe anzake a mfumu afa matenda ndi matenda. Mwina mfumu imawonongeka thanzi lawo ndi amamwa kawirikawiri. Pa tchuthi posachedwapa iye sanatero kwa tsiku limodzi sanaleke phwando, komwe ndalama yaikulu chakumwa.

Ofufuza amakono tcheru zizindikiro zimene anamuchitira matenda wolamulira. Ankadwala khunyu, kusanza pafupipafupi, kufooka minofu ndi mlingo kosagwirizana mtima. Zonsezi ndi umboni wa poyizoni wa. Choncho, buku la imfa Aleksandra Makedonskogo monga komanso chiphunzitso cha mankhwala ndi lolakwika la mfumu.

Madokotala akanamupatsa woyera hellebore hellebore kapena kuti magawowa matenda ake oyamba, ndi chifukwa chokhacho vuto langalo. Ngakhale mu masiku amakedzana anali wotchuka kwambiri Baibulo la poyizoni wa Alexander akazembe ake Antipater, anaopseza kuchotsa ofesi ya kazembe ku Macedonia.

Manda a mfumu

323 BC. e. (Chaka cha imfa Aleksandra Makedonskogo) anali maliro lonse la ufumuwo. Ngakhale anthu wamba chisoni chifukwa asanakalambe wakufayo mfumu, anamuperekeza ake anaganiza zoti achite ndi thupi la womwalirayo. Anaganiza embalm.

Pomaliza, thupi wogwidwa ndi Ptolemy, amene anayamba kulamulira mu Iguputo. The Malemu anagwidwa Memphis kenako ku Alexandria - mzinda anayambitsa dzina polemekeza ambiri kwambiri. Patapita zaka zambiri, Egypt anagonjetsedwa ndi Aroma. Mafumu Alexander ankaona kuti chitsanzo chachikulu kutsatira. Olamulira a ku Roma zambiri amayenda maulendo ku manda a mfumu. The odalirika mfundo yomaliza za izo chinakopedwa chiyambi cha III atumwi, pamene malo awa anachezeredwa ndi Mfumu Caracalla, anaika pa manda a mphete yake ndi mkanjo. Popeza njira atayika Malemu. Lero, tsoka lake zina silidziŵika.

ndi regency wa Perdiccas

Patsalanso mudziwe maganizo za malamulo atsopano a mfumu, pamaso potsiriza iye anagwera mu chikomokere. Ufumu Aleksandra Makedonskogo atamwalira, anali kutenga mwana. Mfumu anadziŵa zimenezi ndipo, kumverera mapeto ake likuyandikira, iye akanakhoza kusankha m'malo. Nthano anali kufalitsa mu yamakedzana zofooketsa kazembe anapatsa mphete-mphete Perdiccas - okhulupirika mtsogoleri wa asilikali, amene anali kukhala regent mfumukazi Roxana, ndi mu mwezi watha mimba.

A masabata angapo pambuyo pa imfa ya Alexander, anabereka mwana wamwamuna (monga Alexander). The regency wa Perdiccas kuyambira pachiyambi ndi osakhazikika. Atafa Aleksandra Makedonskogo m'malo ulamuliro anayamba kutsutsa ena kuyandikira mfumu womwalirayo. Mu historiography anali anthu odziwidwa ngati Diadochi. Pafupifupi onse abwanamkubwa m'madera anati paokha anakhazikitsa loyang'aniridwa zawo.

Diadochi

Mu 321 BC. e. Perdiccas nthawi imene ku Igupto, anaphedwa ndi akazembe ake, kusakhutira ndi autocratic wake. Atamwalira Aleksandra Makedonskogo ufumu wake potsiriza Inabuka nkhondo yapachiweniweni, aliyense Woyesana mphamvu pa nkhondo ndi aliyense. Mwazi inapitirira kwa zaka makumi awiri. mikangano izi zikupita pansi mu mbiri monga Nkhondo ya Diadochi.

Pang'onopang'ono akazembe a anamuchotsa anzake onse ndipo achibale a Alexander. m'bale mfumu Arrhidaeus anaphedwa, mlongo Cleopatra, mayi wa Olympic. Mwana (yokhala wopalidwa ubwenzi Alexander IV) anataya moyo wake pa zaka 14 309 BC. e. Mfumu wamkulu ndi mwana winanso. Wapathengo mwana wa Hercules, wobadwa mwa mdzakazi wa Barsine, anaphedwa pa nthawi yomweyo m'bale wake.

gawo Ufumu

Babulo (malo a imfa Aleksandra Makedonskogo) mofulumira watwya mphamvu zake pa zigawo. Atamwalira Perdiccas yofunika kwambiri mu wreckage patsogolo ufumu limodzi adayamba kusewera Diadochi Antigonus ndi Seleucus. Poyamba anali ogwirizana. Mu 316 BC. e. Antigonus anafika ku Babulo nufuna kuti Seleucus zambiri pa mtengo ndalama za nkhondo anansi awo. Otsiriza, oopa manyazi, iye anathawira ku Iguputo, kumene anapeza chitetezo ndi mtsogoleri wa m'deralo Ptolemy.

Imfa Aleksandra Makedonskogo Mwachidule, wakhala nthawi yaitali kale, ndi gulu lake anapitiriza kumenyana wina ndi mzake. Ndi 311 BC. e. Inakhalapo kutsatira muyezo wa mphamvu. Antigonus analamulira Asia, Ptolemy - mu Egypt, Cassandra - mu Greece, Seleucus - mu Persia.

Nkhondo lotsiriza la Diadochi

Otsiriza, wachinayi nkhondo Diadochi (308-301 gg. BC. E.) Anayamba chifukwa chakuti Kasanda ndi Ptolemy anaganiza mogwirizana mgwirizano ndi Antigonus. Iwo anali olumikizidwa ndi mfumu ya Macedonia, Lysimachus ndi Seleucus, woyambitsa wa Selukeya Ufumu.

Nthawi yoyamba Antigonus, Ptolemy. Iye analanda Cyclades, Sicyon ndi Korinto. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, ndi asilikali lalikulu Aigupto tidakocheza pa Peloponnese, amene kudabwa ndi midzi ya asilikali a mfumu ya dziko la Frugiya. Ptolemy anali chandamale wotsatira wa Malaya Aziya. Mfumu ya Iguputo analenga kufalikira amphamvu Cyprus. Nanga pa chilumba chimenechi n'chogwirizana gulu lake lankhondo ndi asilikali. Atadziwa za mapulani a mdani, Antigonus regrouped asilikali ake. Asilikali ake mongoyembekezera kumanzere Greece. Izi gulu lankhondo la zombo 160 walunjika Cyprus. Pambuyo ankafika pa chisumbu, anthu 15 zikwi kutsogoleredwa ndi Demetriya Poliorketa anazungulira ku Salami.

Ptolemy anatumizidwa ku linga la ndalama ku Cyprus pafupifupi zombo yake yonse. Demetrius anaganiza zopatsa nkhondo panyanja. Chifukwa cha kugunda kwa Aiguputo anataya zombo zawo zonse. Ambiri a iwo anali anasefukira, ndi sitima zapamadzi anapita Antigonus. Mu 306 BC. e. Salami akutali capitulated. Antigonus anagwira Cyprus, ndipo ngakhale analengeza kuti iye ndi mfumu.

Patangotha miyezi ingapo bwino uyu Photiki anaganiza kuvulaza nkhonya onongani kuti Ptolemy pa dziko lace, ndipo anatumiza kukaona ku Egypt. Komabe asilikali satrap akhakwanisa tayu kupandira Nile. Komanso, Ptolemy anatumiza agitators ku msasa wa adani, amene adagula asilikali mdani. Mphwayi Antigone amayenera kubwerera kunyumba chimanjamanja.

Mpaka zaka zingapo otsutsa mmodzi ndi mmodzi kuti aukire mzake m'nyanja. Antigone anatha kuyendetsa Lysimachus ku Fulugiya. Pa nthawi yomweyo, Demetrius atsilize yapadera ku Greece ndipo anapita kwa Asia Minor, kuti kulumikizana ndi inanyamuka. General nkhondo zonse sanabwere. Izo zinachitika zaka pambuyo 8 kuyambira nkhondo inayamba.

nkhondo Ipsus

M'chaka cha 301 BC. e. nkhondo kunachitika Ipsus. Nkhondo imeneyi inali poyambira chomaliza cha Nkhondo ya Diadochi. Antigone apakavalo, kutsogozedwa ndi Demetrius Ine Macedon anaukira apakavalo lolemera a m'mayikowo, kutsogozedwa ndi mwana Selevka Antioh. nkhondo kunali koopsa. Pomaliza, asilikali okwera pamahatchi Demetrius anagonjetsa adani nathamanga pambuyo pawo. Zimenezi n'zimene kulakwitsa.

Pofuna apakavalo mdani anabwera kuchokera kutali kwambiri ndi magulu waukulu Antigonus. Seleucus, pozindikira kuti mdani anapanga miscalculation, analowa njovu nkhondo. Iwo sanali zoopsa Amakedoniya, amene aphunzira ntchito ndi nyama zikuluzikulu njira kuyaka la misomali ndi matabwa. Komabe, njovu kwathunthu kum'banda apakavalo Antigone.

Lolemera phalanx a mfumu Frugiya anazungulira. Iwo anaukira kuwala oyenda ndi kavalo oponya mivi. Phalanx, analephera kuswa kudzera anatseka misewu, ndi maola ochepa atayima pansi bombardment. Pomaliza, asilikali a Antigonus kapena kuperekedwa kapena anathawa kunkhondo. Demetrius zopita ku Greece. 80 wazaka Antigonus anamenya nkhondo otsiriza, mpakana idagwa, chidwi ndi mdani amathamangira.

Anasiya Alexander

Pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Ipsus ogwirizana potsiriza anagawa ufumu wakale wa Alexander. Cassandre anasiya Thessaly, Macedonia ndi Hellas. Lysimachus analandira Thrace, dziko la Frugiya ndi dera Black Sea. Seleucus anapita ku Syria. mdani wawo Demetrius anali mmizinda mu Greece ndi Asia Minor.

maufumu onse amene anauka pa bwinja la ufumu Aleksandra Makedonskogo, anatenga pa maziko izo kwake pa chikhalidwe chawo. Ngakhale Egypt, analamulira Ptolemy, anakhala Agiriki. Mu maiko Middle East zinaoneka ulalo mu mawonekedwe a Chigiriki. dziko ili lilipo kwa pafupi zaka mazana aŵiri, mpaka iwo unagonjetsedwa ndi Aroma. Latsopano Ufumu komanso odzipereka kwambiri kwa makhalidwe Greek chikhalidwe.

Lero, malo ndi chaka cha imfa Aleksandra Makedonskogo ananena iliyonse buku la mbiri yakale. Msanga imfa ya ambiri chachikulu kukhala chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri kwa anthu a m'nthawi yake yonse.