France m'zaka za m'ma 20: mbali ya chitukuko

Kulandira ndi chitsitsimutso zachuma ndi chikhalidwe France m'zaka za m'ma 20 Mwachidule, icho chinali chimodzi cha nambala maulamuliro a dziko lapansi. Mu mfundo yachilendo, iye anapita kwa rapprochement ndi Britain ndi Russia. Domestically, mu 1900 - 1914 zaka. ogwiritsa nkhondo pakati pa Nazi ndi pang'ono. Izi zinali nthawi pang'ono okha mokweza ananena kusakhutira ndi mkhalidwe wawo ntchito. M'ma 20 inathera ndi kulengeza wa First World nkhondo ndi kusintha kuti dziko.

chuma

Kuyambira mfundo chuma view, France mu 19 - m'ma 20 anakumana kukula kwambiri. Izo zinali chimodzimodzi mu kwambiri wa Europe ndi ku United States. Komabe, mu France ndondomeko imeneyi yakhala mbali yapadera. Zopangapanga ndi mizinda sanali mofulumira ngati kuti a atsogoleri kiyi (makamaka UK), koma anapitiriza kukhala m'kalasi ntchito ndi bourgeoisie kupitiriza kulimbitsa mphamvu zawo.

Mu 1896-1913 gg. panali otchedwa "chachiwiri mafakitale zisinthe". Izo zinali zodzaza ndi kubwera kwa magetsi ndi magalimoto (aliyense makampani Renault ndi Peugeot abale). Ndege anabadwa. France m'zaka za m'ma 20, potsiriza ankalankhula lonse mafakitale madera. Rouen, Lyon ndi Lille anali pakati nsalu, ndipo Saint Etienne ndi Le Creusot - m'madera zitsulo. Njinga ndi chizindikiro kukula anakhalabe njanji. Bwino ntchito Intaneti awo. Njanji anali olandiridwa ndalama chinthu. Wosalira nzeru katundu ndi malonda a zamakono zoyendera kwachititsa kukula zina mafakitale.

mizinda

Opulumutsidwa mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono. Pafupifupi theka la dziko ogwira ntchito kunyumba (makamaka tailors). Madzulo wa First World nkhondo, chuma French zinali zochokera amphamvu ndalama dziko ndi amasiyana kwambiri angathe. Pa nthawi yomweyo padali zolakwa: madera kum'mwera kwa dzikoli lagged kumbuyo chitukuko mafakitale kumpoto.

Mizinda ali kwambiri ndi anthu. France kumayambiriro 20th Century adakali m'dziko limene oposa theka la anthu (53%) ankakhala m'mudzi, koma m'mudzi anapitiriza kuwonjezeka kwa outflow. Kuyambira 1840 mpaka 1913. anthu mabwalo lakula anthu 35 miliyoni 39. Chifukwa cha imfa ya Alsace ndi Lorraine mu nkhondo ndi Prussia zaka zambirimbiri anapitiriza emigration a anthu a kudera kwawo mbiri.

stratification chikhalidwe

Moyo Zinatsalira zosasangalatsa. Komabe, monga mmene zinalili mu mayiko ena. Mu 1884, lamulo zapita omwe analola polenga syndicates (mabungwe malonda). Mu 1902 panali United General Chitaganya cha Labor. Antchito okha bungwe, mwa iwo kukula chosintha maganizo. France m'zaka za m'ma 20 zosiyanasiyana malingana ndi zofuna zawo komanso.

chochitika chofunika anali cholengedwa cha malamulo atsopano chikhalidwe (mu 1910 panali lamulo penshoni antchito ndi anthu wamba). Komabe, mitsuko boma kwambiri lagged kuseri kwa oyandikana chomwecho Germany. Kukula mafakitale France m'zaka za m'ma 20 zinachititsa kuti patsogolo za dziko, koma ubwino afalitsidwa omangidwa. Ambiri a iwo kupeza aliyense wa bourgeoisie ndi anthu a Paris. Mu 1900 mu okwerera sitima likulu linatsegulidwa, ndipo nthawi yomweyo pakhala II ano Games Olympic.

chikhalidwe

Mu French, mawu akuti anatengera ndi Belle Époque - ". Belle Epoque" Choncho anadzatchedwa nyengo ya ku mapeto a XIX m'ma mpaka 1914 (chiyambi cha nkhondo First World). Iye amalembedwa osati ndi kukula chuma, asayansi atulukira ndi patsogolo, komanso maluwa chikhalidwe cha chimwemwe mu France. Paris pamene moyenerera amatchedwa "likulu la dziko."

Kugulu anali amagwidwa ndi chidwi ndi mabuku wotchuka masewera Boulevard ndi opperetam. Tinayesetsa Impressionists ndi Cubists. Madzulo a nkhondo, anthu otchuka padziko lonse Pablo Picasso. Ngakhale iye anabadwa wachi Spaniard, onse a moyo wake yogwira kulenga anali wolumikizana ndi Paris.

Russian ed chithunzi Sergei Diaghilev bungwe mu likulu French pachaka "Nyengo Russian," yemwe anakhala kutengeka lonse ndi kutsegulanso Russian kwa alendo. Pa nthawi iyi mu Paris anagulitsidwa kunja kuyamba la "The mwambo wa Spring" ndi Stravinsky, "Shaherazady" ndi Rimsky-Korsakova Ine T. D. "Nyengo Russian" Diaghilev zinasinthiratu mafashoni. Mu 1903, motsogozedwa ndi kuvina zovala mlengi Pol Puare kutsegulidwanso mwamsanga mwambo mafashoni nyumba. Uyamiko kwa Iye, ndi corset ndi chinthu chakale. France mu 19 - m'ma 20 anali pa dziko lonse monga chabwino chikhalidwe.

mfundo yachilendo

Mu 1900, France, pamodzi ndi angapo ena mphamvu dziko nawo yimitsira wa ankhonya Kupanduka ku China wofooka. Lakumwamba Ufumu pa nthawi imene anali kudutsa vuto ndi zachuma. dziko linali litadzala ndi alendo (kuphatikizapo French), zomwe kuthandizapo mwakhama moyo mkati mwa dziko. Iwo anali ochita malonda ndi amishonale achikhristu. Against maziko awa, China, ndipo panali kupanduka kwa osauka ( "ankhonya"), anakonzekeletsa pogroms kumpanda yachilendo. The zachiwawa anali kuletsedwa. Paris analandira 15% ya indemnity yaikulu mamiliyoni 450 liang.

France ndi mfundo yachilendo m'zaka za m'ma 20 anali mfundo zingapo. Choyamba, dziko linali Atsamunda ndi wambiri lalikulu Africa, ndipo iye anafunika kuteteza zolinga zawo m'madera osiyanasiyana a dziko. Kachiwiri, ndi akamagwiritsa pakati limati ena amphamvu European, akuyesera kuti apeze angakuthandizeni yaitali. France ali kale anali ndi mphamvu odana German amaganiza (mizu mwa kugonjetsedwa ndi Prussia nkhondo ya 1870-1871.). Chifukwa cha zimenezi, mabwalo anapita rapprochement ndi Britain.

colonialism

Mu 1903, Mfumu ya Angelezi Edward VII anapita Paris pa ulendo zamtendere. Zotsatirazi Ulendo tagwirizana anasaina, chimene Britain ndi France analekanitsa muzochitika amakonda atsamunda. Motero zinaoneka chinthu oyamba kulengedwa kwa Entente. Pangano atsamunda walola France uzigwira ntchito Morocco, ndiponso United Kingdom - mu Egypt.

The Germany anayesetsa kukaniza kupita patsogolo kwa adani ake mu Africa. Poyankha, France ndikuchititsa msonkhano Algiers limene ufulu wake zachuma mu Maghreb akhala zikutsimikiziridwa ndi England, Russia, Spain ndi Italy. Germany kwa nthawi yaitali anakhalabe kwayekha. Chotero kusintha kwa zinthu bwinobwino mogwirizana ndi mlingo odana German, omwe anali France m'zaka za m'ma 20. mfundo yachilendo anauzidwa ndi Berlin, ndipo onse zochititsa atsimikiziridwa malinga ndi motif izi. The French anakhazikitsa protectorate pa Morocco mu 1912. Pambuyo pake, panali zipolowe, amene achotsa asilikali pansi General Yubera Liote.

Nazi

khalidwe lililonse la France m'zaka za m'ma 20 simungakhoze kuchita popanda kutchula kukula kukopa maganizo leftist anthu kuti. Monga tanena chifukwa cha mizinda ya dziko chawonjezeka chiwerengero cha antchito. Antchito adamfunsa chifaniziro m'boma. Iwo ali nayo iyo kuyamika Nazi lapansi.

Mu 1902, a bloc kumanzere chinapambana pa chisankho chotsatira ku Komiti ya akuluakulu. Mgwirizano wa mabungwe atsopano yapangitsa chiwerengero kusintha zinthu zokhudza chikhalidwe chitetezo, kantchito ndi maphunziro. Wamba zitsulo amenye. Mu 1904, kum'mwera lonse la France anakumbatira kuponya odandaula antchito. Ndiye French Socialist mtsogoleri Zhan Zhores analenga nyuzipepala wotchuka "L'Humanite". nzeru zapamwamba ili ndi mbiri yakale osati anamenyera ufulu wa anthu ogwira ntchito, komanso zotsutsana colonialism ndi nkhondo. Wotentheka mtundu wandale anapha Chadzulo First World nkhondo. Chithunzi cha Zhana Zhoresa anali mmodzi wa akuluakulu mayiko pacifism ndi chilakolako mtendere chizindikiro.

Mu 1905, a Nazi French adasonkhana ndipo analenga Gawo French wa anthu ogwira ntchito International. atsogoleri Aika anali Zhan Zhores ndi Jules Guesde. Socialists anali kulimbana ndi ogwira ntchito ndi kunadetsa chikuyenda. Mu 1907, zipolowe kunabuka Languedoc-alimi kukayikira kwambiri vinyo wotchipa Algeria. Ankhondo, zomwe boma anayambitsa kuti adzaletse pa zipolowe, anakana kuwombera anthu.

chipembedzo

Zinthu zambiri zokhudza French m'zaka za m'ma 20, atachita dziko French. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1905 izo anatengera lamulo kulekana kwa mpingo ndi boma. Iye anakhala kukhudza kumaliza kwa malamulo odana ndi zachipembedzo cha zaka.

Lamulo anathetsa Napoleonic Concordat, limene linatuluka kumbuyo mu 1801. Ndipo anavomereza ndi aboma boma ndipo amateteza ufulu wa chikumbumtima. Palibe magulu achipembedzo sizikanatha kudalira zothandizira mipingo yawo ya boma. Atangochoka chilamulo kudzudzulidwa ndi Papa (ochuluka a French anali Akatolika).

Science and Technology

Kukula sayansi France m'zaka za m'ma 20 zinali zodzaza ndi Mphoto Nobel mu Physics mu 1903, zimene anapeza cha mpweya wa poizoni zachilengedwe salt ureniamu analandira Antuan Anri Bekkerl, Per Kyuri ndi Marie Sklodowska-Curie (zaka sikisi nayenso analandira Prize Nobel mu Chemistry). Kupambana limodzi ndi kulenga latsopano luso ndege mlengi. Mu 1909, Louis Bleriot woyamba anaulukira kudutsa English Channel.

chachitatu Republic

Democratic France m'zaka za m'ma 20 ankakhala nthawi ya Republic Chachitatu. Nthawi imeneyi mutu wa boma anali mapulezidenti angapo Emil Lube (1899-1906), Arman Faler (1906-1913) ndipo Raymon Puankare (1913-1920). kukumbukira mwawo, iwo anachoka mu mbiri ya France? Emil Lube anayamba kulamulira pakati pa chikhalidwe nkhondo chimene chinayamba kuzungulira mkulu mbiri mlandu Alfreda Dreyfusa. Asilikali (Ayuda monga mkulu) mlandu akazitape kwa Germany. Loubet kuchotsedwa choncho ndipo mlekeni apite njira yake. France, azungu akumana ndi a odana Semitism. Komabe, Dreyfus mlanduwo ndipo asintha khalidwe lawo.

Armand Fallières mwachangu analimbitsa Entente. Pansi pake France, monga ena a ku Ulaya, mosadziwa kukonzekera nkhondo imene ikubwera. Raymon Puankare linakhazikitsidwa odana ndi German. Anakhala ziŵalo asilikali ndi kuchuluka nthawi ya moyo mwa iyo kwa zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu.

Entente

Ngakhale mu 1907, Great Britain, Russia ndi France ndi kuimaliza kukonza mgwirizano asilikali. The Entente unakhazikitsidwa poyankha kulimbitsa Germany. Germany, Austrians ndi Italy anapanga anapanga Alliance mu 1882. Choncho, Europe linagawanika mu awiri ankhanza m'misasa. Aliyense boma mulimonse kukonzekera nkhondo, poganiza kuti ntchito kukulitsa gawo lawo ndi kukonza mphamvu zazikulu ake alili.

28 July 1914 Chisebiya zigawenga Gavrilo Princip anapha mkulu Austria ndi wolowa Franz Ferdinand. Sarajevo tsoka anakhala amapereka kwa nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko II World. Austria anaukira Serbia, Russia ataimirira kwa Serbia ndi iye mu nkhondo mawere a Entente, kuphatikizapo France. Italy, wopangidwa mwa anapanga Alliance anakana kuthandiza Germany ndi Habsburg. Iye anakhala angakuthandizeni la France ndi lonse la Entente mu 1915. Pa nthawi yomweyo mu Austria ndi Germany limodzi ndi Ottoman ndi Bulgaria (kuyambira anapanga Quadruple Alliance). The First World nkhondo kutha kwa "Belle Epoque."