Dzina lake Aleksandr Gertsen: yonena, zolembalemba cholowa

mbiri Russian mwadzaza anthuwa amene ali okonzeka ataya moyo wake chifukwa cha maganizo ake.

Dzina lake Aleksandr Ivanovich Gertsen (1812-1870) anali woyamba Russian zokomera amene analalikira maganizo ofanana ndi abale. Ndipo ngakhale iye sanali kutenga mbali mwachindunji zinthu chosintha, koma iye anali m'gulu la anthu amene kunathandiza kuti chitukuko. Mmodzi wa atsogoleri a azungu, iye anadzakhala sindinkasangalala ndi zolinga za njira Loona za chitukuko cha Russia, anasamukira ku msasa zosiyana, ndipo anali tate wa chosaiwalika wina kwa mbiri gulu lathu - Populism.

Wambiri Aleksandra Gertsena chimakhudzana ndi Mafanizo oterewa Russian ndi dziko zisinthe monga Ogarev, Belinsky, Proudhon, Garibaldi. Pa moyo wake, iye nthawizonse ndayesera kupeza njira yabwino monga dongosolo la anthu. Koma ndi chikondi mokhudza anthu ake, kudzipereka kwa zolinga za anasankha - zomwe kum'patsa ulemu wa ana a Gertsen dzina lake Aleksandr Ivanovich.

Mwachidule mbiri ndi mwachidule ntchito yaikulu adzalola owerenga kuti ayanjane ndi woganiza Russian. Ndipotu okha m'maganizo mwathu, adzakhala ndi moyo kosatha ndi kupitiriza yosokoneza maganizo.

Gertsen dzina lake Aleksandr Ivanovich: Wambiri Russian woganiza

A. I. Gertsen anali mwana wapathengo a mwinimunda wachuma Ivana Alekseevicha Yakovleva ndi mwana wake nduna Mlengi 16 wazaka German mkazi Henriette Haag. Chifukwa chakuti ukwati yololedwa mwalamulo sanali, lomaliza mwana wa bambo ake anapanga. Kumasulira kwa German amatanthauza "mtima mwana".

Ine anakwera publicist tsogolo ndi wolemba m'nyumba amalume ake pa Tverskoy Boulevard (tsopano ndi Institute zolembalemba kwa iwo. Gorky).

Kuyambira ali mwana anayamba zimazunzitsa "ufulu kukoma maloto" imene n'zosadabwitsa - mphunzitsi wa mabuku IE Protopopov anaziphunzitsa kwa wophunzira ndi ndakatulo ya Pushkin, Ryleeva Bouchaud. The French kuukira boma, lingaliro anali mu mpweya nthawi zonse kuphunzitsa chipinda Alexander. Kale pa nthawi Herzen ndi abwenzi Ogarev, ndipo io anakonza dongosolo kusandutsa dziko. kuganiza champhamvu mabwenzi anapanga chiwembu Decembrist, pambuyo zomwe zidawala zinthu chosintha ndi kulumbira pa mapeto a moyo wake kuteteza zolinga za ufulu ndi abale.

Books wa French Chenicheni anali tsiku zakudya buku Alexander - ankati- zambiri Voltaire, Beaumarchais, Kotzebue. Iye sanali zikupita oyambirira German Romanticism - ntchito za Goethe ndi Schiller kuuika mu mzimu wachangu.

bwalo yunivesite

Mu 1829, dzina lake Aleksandr Gertsen analowa Moscow University of Physics ndi Masamu Dipatimenti. Ndipo apo iye sanali kusiyana ndi bwenzi lake ubwana Ogarev, amene posakhalitsa iwo anapanga bwalo la anthu amaganizo amodzi. Kumaphatikizaponso odziwika bwino m'tsogolo, woyambitsa ndi mbiri komanso womasulira V. Passek N. Ketscher. Pa misonkhano yake, mamembala a bwalo ankakambirana lingaliro la Saint-Simonianism, kusasiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, chiyembekezo chakuti chuma payekha - Mwachidule, iwo anali Nazi choyamba mu Russia.

"Malovskaya mbiri"

Maphunziro pa yunivesite ya stale ndi wonyong'onya. aphunzitsi ochepa kuti atchule ophunzira nkhani ndi mfundo zapamwamba za nzeru German. Herzen adafunafuna njira yotulukira mu mphamvu yake kugwira pranks yunivesite. Mu 1831 iye anali nawo otchedwa "malovskoy mbiri" imene panafika Lermontov. Ophunzira achotsedwa pulofesa omvera a mu malamulo a boma. Monga iye ananena Alexander Malov MJ anali opusa, mwano ndi osaphunzira pulofesa. Ophunzira poyera anamunyoza ndipo anamuseka iye mu kalasi. Pakuti escapade opanduka anatsika mosavuta - tinkakhala masiku ochepa mu chipinda chilango.

Ulalo loyamba

Activities wochezeka bwalo la Herzen anali m'malo osalakwa chilengedwe, koma Imperial Chancellery anawona chikhulupiriro chawo alanda mphamvu wachifumu. Mu 1834, anthu onse a gulu anamangidwa ku ukapolo. Herzen choyamba anaonekera Perm, ndiyeno iye anali kutumikira mu Vyatka. Kumeneko anachita chionetsero cha ntchito wamba, chimene wafunsira Zhukovsky ntchito kuti azikatumikira ku Vladimir. Pali Herzen zichotsedwe ndi mkwatibwi wake ku Moscow. masiku amenewo adali lightest ndi losangalala kwambiri mu moyo chipwirikiti cha wolemba.

The kugawanika wa ganizo Russian mu Slavophiles ndi Azungu

Mu 1840, dzina lake Aleksandr Gertsen anabwerera ku Moscow. Apa, tsoka n'kupita naye ku bwalo mabuku a Belinsky, amene analalikidwa ndi mwachangu engrafted malingaliro Hegelian. Ndi changu lililonse ndi mamembala Russian intransigence mwa bwalo ili anazindikira malingaliro nzeru zapamwamba German wa rationality chonsecho zenizeni penapake mmodzi ndiye amaganiza. Komabe, Herzen yekha ku Hegel anachita ndendende mfundo zosiyana. Chifukwa, bwalo unagawidwa Slavophiles, atsogoleri amene anali Kirievsky ndi hamsters ndi azungu amene coalesced padziko Herzen ndi Ogarev. Ngakhale maganizo divergent kwambiri pa njira tsogolo la chitukuko Russia, ndipo awo ndi ena ogwirizana wakutemwa chenicheni maziko osati chikondi akhungu wa statehood Russian, ndipo amakhulupirira mphamvu ndi mphamvu ya anthu. Monga mmene analembera ina, Herzen, iwo anali ofanana ndi nkhope ziwiri, Janus, nkhope anali zimayenda mu madera osiyana ndi wina kugunda kwa mtima.

Kugwa zolinga

Gertsen dzina lake Aleksandr Ivanovich, amene yonena ndi anadzazidwa ndi chimachititsanso pafupipafupi, theka lachiwiri la moyo palimodzi anakhala kunja Russia. Mu 1846, bambo wolemba anamwalira, kusiya chuma chachikulu Herzen. Izi anapereka Alexander Ivanovich mwayi kwa zaka zingapo m'mayiko Europe. The ulendo ali linachokera anasintha maganizo a wolemba. Wake azungu anzake anali wodabwa pamene iwo werengani nkhani ya m'magazini "Mfundo za Lathu" Herzen Nkhani lotchedwa "Letters ku Avenue Marigny», amene anadzatchedwa "Letters ku France ndi Italy." Zolaula odana bourgeois maganizo a makalata amenewa umboni chakuti wolemba anakhumudwa mu umoyo chosintha maganizo Western. Pambuyo umboni kulephera ya kusintha kwa unyolo kuti chinapululutsa kwa Ulaya mu zaka 1848-1849, otchedwa "kasupe wa amitundu" amayamba kukhala chiphunzitso cha "Russian sosholisimu," womwe unawonjezera kubadwa kwa mtsinje latsopano la Russian nthanthi ganizo - populism.

A nzeru zatsopano

Mu France, dzina lake Aleksandr Gertsen anakhala kucheza ndi Proudhon, amene anayamba kufalitsa nyuzipepala "Voice ya Anthu". Pambuyo yimitsira cha kutsutsidwa kwakukulu, anasamukira ku Switzerland, ndiyeno Nice, kumene anakumana ndi Garibaldi, wotchuka womenya ufulu ndi ufulu wa anthu Italy. Kuti nthawi ili buku la nkhani "Kuchokera Other gombe," chomwe chikufotokoza maganizo atsopano ndi omwe adatengedwa Gertsen dzina lake Aleksandr Ivanovich. Nzeru ya kukonzanso kwakukulu a chikhalidwe salinso zinakwaniritsa wolemba, Herzen ndipo kenako anati tiwonana kuti zikhulupiriro zake owolowa manja. malingaliro ake anayamba pitani chilango pa Europe okalamba ndi kuthekera lalikulu la dziko Asilavo, povomereza yabwino zokomera.

A. I. Gertsen - Russian Mtolankhani

Atamwalira mkazi wake, Herzen anasamukira ku London, kumene anayamba kufalitsa wake nyuzipepala wotchuka "The Bell". Otchuka nyuzipepala nazo mu nthawi yapitayi chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom. Ndiye makope ake wayamba kusiya, makamaka zimakhudza kwambiri kutchuka kwa yimitsira ake a kugalukira Polish wa 1863. Chifukwa, lingaliro la Herzen sanapeze chilichonse pothandiza ku ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira, kapena olekerera: pakuti loyamba, anali kwambiri zolimbitsa, ndi yamasika kwakukulu kwambiri. Mu 1865, boma la Russia wakhala akulimbikira nufuna kuti Ufumu wake Mfumukazi England, akonzi a "mabelu" anachotsedwa dziko. Dzina lake Aleksandr Gertsen ndi anzake kusamukira Switzerland.

Herzen anafa ndi chibayo mu 1870 ku Paris, kumene anafikako pa nkhani za m'banja.

zolembalemba cholowa

Zolemba Gertsena Aleksandra Ivanovicha ali ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha nkhani zolembedwa mu Russian ndi emigration. Koma ambiri amadziwika ndi mabuku ake, makamaka ntchito womaliza wa moyo wake, "KALE LANGA ndi Maganizo". Sam dzina lake Aleksandr Gertsen, amene yonena nthawi zina tikudzipereka zigzags Sindingachite otchedwa ntchito imeneyi ndi kuulula mphulupulu, zomwe zayambitsa zosiyanasiyana "maganizo a chiwonongeko." Ndi kaphatikizidwe utolankhani, Maulendo, zithunzi zolembalemba ndi mbiri zakale. Pa buku "Ndani mlandu?" Wolemba ntchito kwa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi. Mavuto a kusasiyana pakati pa amayi ndi abambo pa maubwenzi banja, maphunziro zokopa ntchito imeneyi kuthetsa mothandizidwa ndi zolinga mkulu wa umunthu. Komanso ndine cholembera chake ostrosotsialnye nkhani "The Thieving Magpie", "Dr. dzinthu", "Vuto la galasi la grog", "kunyong'onyeka" ndi ena.

Pali mwina si limodzi ophunzira munthu, amene osachepera si mwa zongomva mukudziwa amene dzina lake Aleksandr Gertsen. Mwachidule yonena za wolemba opezeka Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Brockhaus ndi Efron, koma inu konse mu zimene akatswiri ena! Komabe, ndi bwino kupeza bwino wolemba mabuku wake - mu zonse kutalika afika umunthu wake.