Pamene ulimi anali mu Russia? Zoyambitsa, ndi Nkhani za zochitika, zotsatira

Kuti timvetse, pamene ine ndinali mu ulimi Russian, m'pofunika kuyang'ana mmbuyo kwa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Nicholas II. Zinali Mfumu lotsiriza la Romanov mafumu dziko linagwedezeka angapo mavuto chikhalidwe zomwe zinachititsa kuti zochita za anthu ndi boma. Azambiriyakale kusiyanitsa ulimi wa 1905-1907., The February utasintha ndi October kuukira boma la 1917 chaka.

prerequisites kusintha

Mpaka 1905 ya Russian Ufumu ankakhala pansi pa malamulo a boma lachifumu mtheradi. Mfumu inali autocrat yekha. Only izo ankadalira iye kuchita zinthu boma. M'zaka za m'ma XIX, chotero boma ndiwofatsa zokhudza sankasangalala ndi stratum ochepa a anthu a luntha ndi sagwirizana. Anthuwa lolunjika pa West, kumene nthawi yaitali chitsanzo fanizo panali French kuukira boma. Anawawononga mphamvu ya Bourbons napatsa anthu ufulu wa anthu la dzikolo.

Ngakhale patsogolo ulimi woyamba unachitika ku Russia, kampani anadziwa kuti mantha ndale. wothandizila kwakukulu kusintha anamenya nkhondo ndi bungwe kuphedwa kwa akuluakulu okalamba boma kukakamiza boma kuti kulabadira zofuna zawo.

Tsar Alexander II anabwera wachifumu pa Crimea nkhondo, amene Russia anataya chifukwa kusiyana mwadongosolo zachuma ndi West. Zowawa kugonjetsedwa kukakamiza achinyamata mfumu kuyamba kusintha. Chief mwa iwo anali chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom mu 1861. Pambuyo pa Zemstvo, milandu, kayendetsedwe ndi kusintha zinthu zina.

Komabe, ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira ndi zigawenga anali akadali osakondwa. Ambiri a iwo ankafuna ufumu oyendetsera dziko kapena chiwonongeko cha mphamvu wachifumu. Populists ankafuna dazeni pa Alexander II. Mu 1881, anaphedwa. Pansi pa mwana wake, Alexander III wa, reactionary kampeni unayambitsidwa. Zigawenga ndi olimbikitsa ndale zagonjetsedwa kwa kupondereza nkhanza. Mwachidule anatontholetsa zinthu. Koma ulimi choyamba mu Russia anali akadali basi kuzungulira ngodya.

Nicholas II Zolakwa

Alexander III anafa 1894 mu zogona Crimea, kumene iye anawalangiza sankapeza. Mfumu wamng'ono (zaka 49 zokha), ndipo imfa yake inali anadabwa lathunthu dziko. Russia chisanu mu chiyembekezo. Pa mpando wachifumu anatsimikizira mwana wamkulu wa Alexander III, Nicolas II. ulamuliro wake (pamene izo zinali mu ulimi Russian) kuyambira pa chiyambi unada zochitika zosasangalatsa.

Choyamba, mmodzi wa maonekedwe onse yoyamba mfumu inati pantchito ya zaboma zabwino kusintha ndi "maloto wopusa." Pakuti mawuwa Nicholas anali kudzudzulidwa ndi otsutsa zake zonse - kuchokera olekerera kwa Nazi. Mfumu mpaka anafika ndi wolemba kwambiri Lva Tolstogo. Werengerani kusekedwa kupusa Mfumu kunena nkhani zolembedwa mu kuona zimene anamva.

Chachiwiri, pa mwambo wa coronation a Nicholas II, ngoziyi inkachitika mu Moscow. Akuluakulu a boma anakonza chochitika chapadera wamba ndi osauka. Iwo analonjeza ufulu "goodies" mfumu. Choncho anthu zikwizikwi pa Khodynka Field. Panthawi ina anayamba kudziponya, chifukwa chimene mazana odutsa anaphedwa. Kenako, pamene ine ndinali mu ulimi Russian, ambiri amatchedwa zinthu zimenezi zikuimira allusions mavuto m'tsogolo kwambiri.

The kusintha Russian anali cholinga zifukwa. Kodi n'chiyani? Mu 1904, Nicholas II anakhala nawo nkhondo yolimbana Japan. Pankhondoyi kunabuka chifukwa cha makhalidwe oipa a mphamvu ziwiri mdani Far East. kukonzekera Inept, anatambasula kulankhulana shapkozakidatelskih mtima kwa mdani - zonse izi zachititsa kuti kugonjetsedwa kwa Russian asilikali pa nkhondo. pangano mtendere walemba pa September 5, 1905. Russia anapereka Japan kum'mwera kwa Sakhalin Island, komanso ufulu pangano kwa pamalo abwino zofunika South Manchuria Railway.

Pa chiyambi cha nkhondo m'dziko panali funde wakutemwa ndi udali ndi adani wina dziko. Tsopano, pambuyo kugonjetsedwa, ndi mphamvu sikunachitekepo ulimi kunabuka 1905-1907. mu Russia. Anthu anafuna kusintha kwakukulu mu moyo wa boma. Makamaka ndinkaona kusakhutira pakati pa ogwira ntchito ndi anthu wamba, muyezo wayani wa amoyo ochepa kwambiri.

wamagazi Sunday

Chifukwa chachikulu chitayamba nkhondo yapachiweniweni anali masoka ku St. Petersburg. January 22, 1905 nthumwi za ogwira ntchito ku Putilov Ntchito anapita Zima Palace ndi kupemphera kwa mfumu. Antchito anafunsa mfumu kuthetsa mavuto awo ntchito, kuwonjezera malipiro, etc. Panali zofuna andale, chofunika kwambiri ndiko lachiweruzo Msonkhano Constituent - .. chifaniziro Anthu pa Western chitsanzo aphungu.

Apolisi odukaduka ulendo. mfuti ankagwiritsa ntchito. Malinga ndi ziwerengero zosiyanasiyana, adamwalira ndi anthu 140 ndi 200. tsokalo anadziwika monga amagazi Sunday. Pamene chochitika unadziwika m'dziko lonselo, kunyanyala misa inayamba mu Russia. The kusakhutira antchito anali chifukwa cholephera boma akatswiri ndi agitators leftist, anali kutsogolera ku ntchito imeneyi, pokhapokha mobisa. Iwo itakula ndi chitsutso owolowa manja.

Woyamba Russian zisinthe

Zokhoma ndi kutema ndi intensities osiyanasiyana malingana ndi dera la ufumuwo. Kuukira kumene 1905-1907. mu Russia makamaka zovuta mkati mwa mzinda wa boma dziko. Mwachitsanzo, Socialists Polish anakwanitsa kutsimikizira kuti asapite ku ntchito antchito 400 zikwi mu ufumu Polish. zachiwawa ofanana zinachitika mu Baltic States ndi Georgia.

Kwakukulu Party Political (Bolsheviks ndi SRs) anaganiza kuti ndi mwayi womaliza kulanda mphamvu mu dziko ndi thandizo la kupanduka ambiri. agitators The ankapatsidwa osati wamba ndi antchito, komanso asilikali wamba. Choncho anayamba kuukira mfuti asilikali. Zomwe zinachitika wotchuka pa mndandanda ndi kugalukira pa nkhondo "Potemkin".

Mu October 1905, anayamba kugwira ntchito yake ophatikizidwa Saint Petersburg Soviet, lomwe mgwirizano wa omenya kudutsa likulu la ufumuwo. Events kusintha anatenga achiwawa kwambiri December. Mu Moscow, zipolowe zida zinachititsa kuti ndewu pa Presnya ndi m'madera ena a mzinda.

Manifesto wa October 17

Mu kugwa kwa 1905 Nicholas II anazindikira kuti ali otayika kuthana ndi vuto. Iye akanakhoza mothandizidwa ndi asilikali kupondereza kupanduka ambiri, koma sangathandize kuchotsa zotsutsana kwambiri pakati pa Boma ndi anthu. Mfumu anayamba kukambirana ndi miyeso pafupifupi kufika kukondera ndi chosakhutitsidwa.

The chifukwa cha maganizo ake anali Manifesto October 17, 1905. Development kwa bukuli anapatsidwa ndi boma odziwika ndi nthumwi Sergei Witte. Izi zisanachitike, anapita kulemba mtendere ndi Japanese. Tsopano muyenera Witte anali posachedwapa kuti nthawi kuthandiza mfumu yawo. Zinthu zovuta chifukwa chakuti mu October, anapita sitalaka kwa anthu mamilioni awiri. Zokhoma kuphimba pafupifupi onse zigawo mafakitale. Ndi ziwalo njanji zoyendera.

Manifesto wa October 17 anabweretsa kusintha kwambiri kuti dongosolo la ndale za Russian Ufumu. Nicholas II pamaso anali mphamvu yekha. Tsopano iye m'manja gawo la mphamvu yake malamulo, thupi latsopano - Boma Duma. Iye amayenera kusankhidwa ndi mavoti otchuka ndi kukhala oona matupi womuimira.

Komanso anakhazikitsa mfundo za chikhalidwe monga ufulu wolankhula, ufulu wa chikumbumtima, ufulu wa msonkhano, komanso inviolability munthu. kusintha kukhala mbali yofunika ya malamulo zofunika boma la Russia Ufumu. Choncho mfundo panali woyamba wa dziko lonselo malamulo.

pakati zisinthe

Buku la Manifesto mu 1905 (pamene panali kusintha mu Russia) wathandiza akuluakulu kubweretsa zinthu pansi pa ulamuliro. Ambiri mwa opandukawo chitachepa. kukondera yongoyembekezera anafika. Echo utasintha kwamveka mu 1906, koma tsopano boma kuonetsa zida anali kosavuta kupirira sankalemekeza kwambiri owawa amene anakana kugona pansi zida zawo.

Iwo anayamba otchedwa yapakati-chosintha nthawi, pamene mu 1906-1917 gg. Russia ndi mafumu malamulo. Tsopano Nicholas kuwerengera ndi maganizo a State Duma, zimene sakanatha kutenga malamulo ake. Otsiriza Russian mfumu anali muuthunthu ndiwofatsa. Iye sanali kukhulupirira mu malingaliro mwaufulu ndinaganiza ulamuliro wake yekha kupatsidwa kwa iye ndi Mulungu. Nicholas anapanga zokambirana kokha chifukwa chakuti kunalibe linanena bungwe yaitali.

Woyamba convocations awiri a State Duma wakhala si ntchito kuziika pansi nthawi chilamulo. Natural nthawi zotani zinachitika pamene mfumu anatenga rematch. Panthawi imeneyi, wothandizira waukulu Nicholas II anakhala Nduna Pyotr Stolypin. Boma lake sizikanati zigwirizane ndi Duma zina zofunika ndondomeko. Chifukwa cha nkhondo imeneyi, June 3, 1907, Nicholas II kusungunuka khamu nthumwi anasintha dongosolo visola. III ndi IV convocation pa dongosolo wakhala zochepa kwakukulu kuposa zoyamba ziwiri. Pakati pa Duma ndi boma anayamba kukambirana.

The First World nkhondo

Zimayambitsa chachikulu cha ulimi mu Russia inkakhala mu mphamvu yekha wa mfumu, kumathandiza mayiko osauka. Pamene mfundo ya autocracy kale, zinthu ali okhazikika. zachuma wayamba. Agrarian kusintha Stolypin anathandiza alimi kukhazikitsa pang'ono chabe minda zawo. Pali latsopano kalasi chikhalidwe. The m'dziko limenelo kusanduka ndipo ndinakulira olemera pa maso.

Ndiye n'chifukwa chiyani chinachitika wotsatira kusintha Russia? Mwachidule, Nicholas alakwitsa chotenga nawo First World nkhondo mu 1914. anthu miyandamiyanda ankamenya. Monga momwe zilili ndi kampeni Japanese, choyamba, dziko anakumana ndi makani kukonda dziko. Pamene bloodbath anali kuchedwa, ndipo kuchokera kutsogolo anali malipoti kuvulala, kampani anayamba kudandaula kachiwiri. Palibe amene akanakhoza kunena motsimikiza mochuluka bwanji nkhondo kumawakoka pa. Kukwera ku Russia ndinali kubwerera.

February zisinthe

Mu historiography pali mawu akuti "The Great Russian utasintha". Kawirikawiri, dzina ili generic amatanthauza zochitika za 1917, pamene dziko linali coups ziwiri basi. The First World nkhondo walondolera chuma dziko. Anapitiriza impoverishment wa anthu. M'nyengo yozizira ya 1917 mu Petrograd (anadzatchedwa chifukwa chongotengeka maganizo odana ndi German) anayamba zitsanzo Unyinji wa anthu ogwira ntchito ndi nzika ndi wosasangalala ndi kukwera mtengo kwa chakudya.

Popeza February utasintha mu Russia. Zinthu zinachitika mofulumira. Nicholas II Inali pa nthawi iyi kulikulu ku Mogilev, pafupi kutsogolo. Mfumu, pakumva za zipolowe ku likulu, sitima yapamtunda kubwerera Tsarskoye Selo. Koma iye anali mochedwa kwambiri. Mu Petrograd asilikali chosakhutitsidwa ndinapita kwa opandukawo. m'tauni lolamulidwa kupanduka. Pa March 2, nthumwi anapita kwa mfumu, kumuthandiza kuti lowani abdication wake. Popeza February kusintha Russia anasiya mafumu otsiriza.

zosakhazikika 1917

Pambuyo chiyambi cha zisinthe kunali kofunika Boma Provisional unapangidwa Petrograd. Pamafunikanso malamulo, poyamba ankadziwika ndi State Duma. Iwo ambiri anali olekerera ndi Socialists zolimbitsa. Mutu wa boma Provisional anali Alexander Kerensky.

Chisokonezo m'dziko amenewa kutithandiza ndi zina kwakukulu mphamvu zandale ngati Bolsheviks ndi boma Social. Kulimbana mphamvu. Yokhala, boma wogwirizira anali kupulumuka mpaka convocation wa Assembly Constituent, pamene chilengedwe othandiza dziko akanatha kusankha mmene moyo wake wonse. Komabe, panali Dziko Lonse Yoyamba, ndi atumiki sanafune amakana thandizo a m'mayikowo ake mu Entente. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti dontho lakuthwa mu kutchuka kwa Provisional boma mu ankhondo, komanso pakati pa antchito wamba.

Mu August 1917, General Lavr Kornilov anayesa bungwe chiwembu d'etat. Iye anatsutsa Bolsheviks, akuganiza kuukira kwakukulu kumanzere Russia. asilikali kale mu Petrograd. Panthawi imeneyi, boma ndi mbali ya Lenin mwachidule ogwirizana. Bolshevik agitators anawononga asilikali Kornilov mkati. The mutiny analephera. Boma wogwirizira anapulumuka, koma posakhalitsa.

Chisinthiko cha Bolshevik

Ya kusintha pabanja Great October Socialist utasintha ndi wodziwika. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti tsiku lake - November 7 (New kalendala) - zaka zoposa 70 wakhala tchuthi dziko mu ufumu wakale Russian.

Ndinakopeka kulanda boma lina anaima Vladimir Lenin ndi Leon Trotsky. Atsogoleri a Bolshevik Party, anapambana thandizo la Petrograd asilikali. October 25, zaka kalembedwe Achikominisi anathandiza asilikali anagwira mfundo zikuluzikulu Petrograd kulankhulana - telegalamu, utumiki makalata njanji. Boma Provisional anali olekanitsidwa mu Zima Palace. Patapita kumenya mwachidule zakale nyumba yachifumu ya atumiki anamangidwa. Chizindikiro chiyambi cha ntchito zikuluzikulu anakhala akusowekapo kuwombera zipolopolo pa cruiser "Aurora". Kerensky sanali mzinda, ndipo kenako iye anali wokhoza amasamuka Russia.

M'mawa wa pa October 26 Bolsheviks kale anali ambuye wa Petrograd. Posakhalitsa anafika malamulo woyamba wa boma latsopanolo - lamulo pa Mtendere ndi Watsimikiza pa Land. The Provisional boma anali osatchuka ndendende chifukwa cha chilakolako chake kupitiriza nkhondo Germany ndi Kaiser, pamene asilikali Russian kulimbana wotopa ndi makhalidwe.

Yosavuta kumva mawu a Bolsheviks anali wotchuka pakati pa anthu. Wamba potsiriza anadikira chiwonongeko cha anthu otchuka ndi kulandidwa umwini dziko lawo. Anyankhondo anamva kuti nkhondo imperialist inatha. Komabe, mu Russia unali kutali dziko. Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni anayamba. Bolsheviks anali ndi zaka 4 kumenyana adani awo (woyera) m'dziko lonselo kuti kukhazikitsa ulamuliro pa dera la Ufumu wakale Russian. Mu 1922, boma la Soviet Union unakhazikitsidwa. Great October Socialist utasintha anali chochitika anatumikila nyengo yatsopano m'mbiri osati Russia koma dziko lonse.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri ya chi pa mphamvu ya boma anali kwakukulu chikominisi. October 1917 kudabwa ndi mantha ndi Western bourgeois anthu. The Bolsheviks ankaganiza kuti Russia adzakhala ankamasulira kwa chiyambi cha ulimi dziko ndi chiyembekezo chakuti a bizinesi. Izo sizinachitike.