Knut Hamsun: yonena ndi ntchito

Knut Hamsun - wotchuka Norway wolemba impressionist, Wolemba wina, ndakatulo, WOLEMBA mabuku wotsutsa. Mu 1920 ankamukonda Nobel Prize buku lake "timadziti Land".

ubwana

Knut Hamsun anabadwa mu Lomé (District chapakati Norway). Makolo ake (Peder Pedersen ndi Tora Oldsdatter) anakakhala pa famu yaing'ono Garmutrete. Mu Hamsun anali ndi alongo awiri achitsikana ndi abale atatu akulu.

Pamene iye anali ndi zaka 3, banja lonse anasamukira ku Hamar. Kumeneko lendi famu ku Hans Olsen (amalume Hamsun pa mayi wake). M'zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi cha moyo wolemba zinachitika mu chikhalidwe yabata: Anakaŵeta ng'ombe ndi zonse kusirira kukongola kwa mapiri chofewa chili pamwamba ndi fjords Norway.

Farm Kubwereka inatha kwa ngongole banja, ndipo 9 wazaka Knut anapita ku ntchito amalume ake. Iye anali munthu wopembedza amene sanam'patse kudya, ndipo ankakonda kumumenya. Mu 1873, wotopa nkhanza, mnyamatayo anathamanga ina koma anabwerera patapita chaka ndi ndinapeza ntchito mu shopu m'deralo.

Kanali koyamba

Mu 1875, mnyamata anakhala wamalonda woyendayenda. Pamene watopa ndi ntchito, Knut Hamsun anaima mu mzinda wa Buda ndipo anatenga wothandizira yokonza nsapato. Zinali ndiye kuti analemba buku lake loyamba "Bakuman Man". Inasindikizidwa mu 1877, pamene mnyamatayo anali ndi zaka 18.

Patapita chaka Hamsun anaphunzitsa pa sukulu, ndipo kenako kukhala wothandizira Shefifi bwalo. Mu laibulale wake wakumana ndi ntchito za olemba Scandinavia monga Henrik Ibsen, Bernstern Bjornson, etc. Mu 1878, Knut ali anatulutsa buku "Burger", khalidwe lalikulu analemba ndakatulo za moyo mwakhama. Komabe, ulemerero wa iye amene sagwira ntchito, ndipo pobwereka ndalama ku nurlanskogo wamalonda, iye anapita ku Oslo. Mu zaka wotsatira, mnyamata amawononga ndalama zonse chifukwa iye sangakhoze kupanga kulemba ndalama. Chifukwa, Knut Hamsun amakhala ntchito njira.

Kusamukira ku United States ndi matenda

Mu 1882, kutenga makalata ochokera osamuka otchuka Norway, mnyamatayu anapita ku United States. Koma ubale wa dziko lake sizinakukwanire, ndipo anatha kupeza malo wogwira ntchito Wisconsin. Kenako, anatenga monga alembi wake Norway mlaliki ku Minnesota. Apa Hamsun mwakayakaya. Madokotala aganiza kuti ali ndi chifuwa chachikulu, koma matenda sanali anatsimikizira.

Mu 1884 anabwerera ku Oslo kumene zizindikiro matenda onse a (mwina chifuwa) zinafa. Apa iye analemba za ntchito ya Mark awiri pansi pa dzina Knut Gamsund (Patapita "E" ali unatha chifukwa kulakwitsa typographical). Koma ntchito yake zolembalemba sanali kuwonjezera. Wolemba masoka ndi 1886 kachiwiri amayenda ku United States (Chicago), kumene woyamba ntchito wochititsa, ndipo m'chilimwe zoipa minda ya North Dakota.

Bwino loyamba

Sankasangalala ndi moyo ndi kuyesetsa zolembalemba, wolemba amabwerera ku Ulaya (Copenhagen) ndipo ikusonyeza imodzi mwa ntchito za Edvard Brandes anayambitsa - mkonzi wa m'nyuzipepala. Ndipo haggard wolemba, ndi kagawo ku nkhani anapanga mumaona pa Edward. Mu 1890 bukhu linasindikizidwa ku Copenhagen, pa chivundikiro chimene sported mawu "Knut Hamsun" Njala "." nkhani zimenezi zinachititsa m'manyuzipepala ndi kuika mbiri wolemba ngati wolemba lalikulu.

Buku "Njala"

Mu ntchito iyi, Knut anakana osati pa miyambo ya accusatory Kuzindikira khalidwe la prose Scandinavia, komanso mosavuta pa nthawi lingaliro mabuku ayenera kusintha zinthu za moyo wa munthu. Ndipotu, ntchito alibe nkhani ndipo limafotokoza nkhani ya wachinyamata wokhala ku Oslo ndi kudzakhala wolemba. Chabwino, ndithudi, kuti nkhani autobiographical ndi zinachitika wa protagonist - Knut Hamsun. "Njala" walandira ndemanga mokalipa ofufuza. Mwachitsanzo, Alrik Gustafson analemba kuti: "Ziri ngati ngwazi Dostoevsky, amene akudwala mu thupi ndi moyo, kumva njala, ndi kuvumbitsira moyo wake wamkati ndi zideruderu mosalekeza."

The mbali yaikulu mankhwala amadwala osati kuchokera kusowa chakudya, komanso kupanda kucheza, amalephera kudziletsa akuti ndi kusakhutira kugonana. Wotsimikizika namatetule, angasankhe kupempha kuposa kusiya maloto ndi zokhumba. ofufuza ambiri alemba kuti ngwazi za antihero awo otalikirana mwachidwi, mabuku a zana la 20. Mwa njira, nkhani akadali otchuka kwambiri. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi pafupipafupi mkulu wa kusaka, pamene anthu kufunafuna "Njala" (buku). Knut Hamsun amadziwika m'ma 21.

Mukhale mfundo yake

N'kofunika n'chakuti mankhwala wake woyamba bwino wolemba anayamba kalembedwe yeniyeni. "Njala" linalembedwa mu mawu lalifupi ndi capacious. A kufotokozera bwino ndi bwino mwadala interspersed ndi watanthauzo ndi zotengera malingaliridwe. Kujambula "njala" ali chinachitikira ndi nthawi imene Strindberg, Nietzsche, Schopenhauer ndi Hartmann analimbikitsa kulabadira magulu chikomokere amene amayendetsa umunthu.

Omwe zotengera malingaliridwe mfundo prose Knut Hamsun a magulu essays amene akhoza kugulidwa pafupifupi yamabuku aliyense, anakonza mu nkhani yakuti "Kuchokera chikumbumtima moyo wa moyo." Ntchito imeneyi anaonekera mu chaka chomwecho monga "Hunger." Mmenemo wolemba anasiya cholinga makhalidwe a prose ndipo anapempha kuti aziphunzira "kayendedwe ka moyo mu ngondya akumidzi chikumbumtima ndi kuonanso bwino chipwirikiti cha yamunthu."

Wachiwiri ndi wachitatu Science

The chachiwiri bwino mankhwala analemba Knut Hamsun - "chinsinsi." Buku limatiuza za quack ndi anaonekera m'mudzi mwanyanja ndi kudabwitsa anthu a khalidwe losadziwika. Monga "Njala", wolemba kukonzanso ntchito zotengera malingaliridwe njira, ndipo ntchito mwangwiro, kupereka buku la kutchuka.

"Pan", lofalitsidwa mu 1894, anakhala wachitatu bwino chibwenzi wolemba. Knut Hamsun, amene yonena linadzaza ndi zochitika, analemba Maulendo Ake mu mawonekedwe a Thomas Glan. Mwininkhani ndi mlendo pamoyo lachitukuko, ndipo akukhala kunja kwa mzinda mu Nordland, zikugwira nsomba ndi kusaka. Ndi fanizo Rousseau, wolemba anafuna kusonyeza mwambo wa chilengedwe ndi miyoyo hypersensitive. Euphoria protagonist Knut zowonetseredwa ndi malongosoledwe chapamwamba zachilengedwe ndipo anayesa kuti munthu wake ndi mudzi nurlanskoy. Yamoto kumulakalaka Edward Thomas, bratty, owonongedwa mwana wa munthu wamalonda, amalenga mu malingaliro ake weniweni maganizo chisokonezeko, ndipo mapeto kudzipha.

Buku chachinayi

Chachinayi yaikulu ntchito kuti Knut Hamsun analemba - "timadziti a dziko lapansi" (lofalitsidwa mu 1917). Mu buku la izo zimanyezimiritsa zinkakhalira 1911, pamene wolemba anasamukira kukhala pamunda ndipo anali mu kupatuka kwa anthu. Olembedwa ndi chikondi chachikulu pa moyo wa awiri Norway wamba Inger ndi Isak, amene, ngakhale mavuto onse akanatha kukhalabe okhulupirika kwa mkulu wa mabishopu miyambo ndi kudzipereka kwawo. Mu 1920 ndi kupereka kwa ntchito ya Nobel Prize.

Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti pali wodziwanso kuposa buku, amene analemba Knut Hamsun - ". Zipatso za dziko lapansi" Ndipotu, akuphonya. Ndi chabe kumasulira zosiyanasiyana za original dzina Norway "Madzi a dziko lapansi."

Support Nazism

Ndi zaka, Knut ochuluka reactionary. Popeza 1934, moonekera anathandiza Nazi. Hamsun sanagwirizane ndi chipani cha Nazi, koma anapita ku Germany msonkhano ndi Hitler. Pamene dziko la Germany linalanda Norway, anadza kwambiri nkhani ovomereza-lopondereza umene anali siginecha "Knut Hamsun". wolemba buku anali anabwerera kwa iye ndi zikwi owerenga mu kuukira.

Kumangidwa ndiponso mayesero

Pa mapeto a nkhondo, anamangidwa pamodzi ndi mkazi wake. Mu kugwa kwa 1945 Hamsun anaikidwa mu chipatala amisala. Patapita miyezi inayi ya mankhwala, iye anasamutsidwa kuti Landvik unamwino kunyumba. Patapita zaka ziwiri, wolemba anazengedwa wolakwa wa pothandiza ndi abetting mdani. Ndiponso, analamulidwa kulipira 425.000 Norway kroner. M'ndende Knut kupewedwa chifukwa cha "Kukokoloka aluntha."

ntchito lomaliza

Essays "Pa njira atachuluka" anali ntchito lotsiriza la wolemba. Tsoka kopilsya mabuku kwa zaka zingapo. Knut Hamsun (zilembedwe za ntchito zake angathe kuwerenga m'munsimu) ankafuna kubwezeretsa ulemerero wakale wa dziko Scandinavians. kulankhula Hitler za kuwuka kwa mafuko Masewerera a Nordic (makamaka Norway) mwamphamvu "zitamangiriridwa" wolemba. N'chifukwa chake Hamsun zinapatsira ndi malingaliro a chi Fascism ndi okha patapita zaka anazindikira kulakwa kwake mwini. Mu buku la "Pa njira atachuluka," chikwapu limatiuza za kulakwitsa kwake zomvetsa chisoni, koma kupempha chikhululukiro kwa anthu. Wolemba sanayambe anazindikira kulakwa kwake mwini.

imfa

Knut Hamsun, amene yonena anali m'nkhani ino, anali atamwalira mu chikhalidwe chake Nornholm. Pambuyo nkhondo Mabaibulo Wolemba wina anayamba kuoneka mu Norway yekha kuyambira 1962: mwachidule ngati wolemba, koma sanathe kukhululuka ngati chithunzi anthu. Pomaliza, Ife tikugawira makoti wotchuka ku wolemba za ntchito zake.

zilembedwe

"Musati amakwiyira moyo. Musaphwanye wankhanza, okhwima ndi chilungamo moyo. Khalani wachifundo ndi kutenga izo azititeteza. Simungathe kulingalira ndi zimene osewera kuthana nazo. "

"Kulemba - kumatanthauza kupereka pa bwalo."

"Pakuti onse Ine ndine mlendo, kawirikawiri kulankhula kwa ine ndekha."

"The kwambiri ndi munthu amene amapereka tanthauzo moyo wa munthu, ndipo amasiya m'mbuyo cholowa a."

"Ambiri mwa wabwino akudutsa popanda kufufuza, koma zoipa kumatanthauza zotsatira zake."

"Kuyambira benchi Ine kuona nyenyezizo, ndi maganizo anga akutsatiridwa mu kamvuluvulu wa dziko".

"Moyo - nkhondo tsiku ndi ziwanda ubongo ndi mtima wake."