Inbreeding - ndichiyani? Inbreeding: Zitsanzo

Zipambano za chibadwa anthu ndi chachikulu ake maziko ongolankhula njira zachilengedwe kunachitika zinyama, anthu athe kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso ichi zofuna zawo. Mwachitsanzo, zochitika sizachilendo monga inbreeding ndi outbreeding. Bwino kuti onse n'chimodzimodzi ndi mawu awa - pachibale. ndi njira izi kwa mfundo za sayansi view ndi zimene munthu akhoza kukwaniritsa pogwiritsa ntchito ati, tinafotokozera m'nkhani ino.

Inbreeding - ndichiyani?

Kuyamba kufotokoza maganizo. Choncho, inbreeding, majini kulankhula chinenero sayansi, anthu ambiri ofanana ndi mbadwa alleles ongokhala genotype m'modzi, ndiye ina chamoyo.

Ngati kuposa mawu osavuta kuyankha funso "Inbreeding - kutanthauza kuti," tinganene kuti cholinga Kuoloka kwa mitundu yogwirizana ya zomera, nyama, anthu ndi cholinga kudzikundikira mu genotype wa alleles winawake wa jini onyamula khalidwe ankafuna. Ndipotu, pali ofanana matanthauzo angapo kwa ndondomekoyi. Choncho, pamene izo zifika anthu anthu, mabanja umafananirako amatchedwa pachibale. Ngati kulankhula za zomera, ndiye mmodzi ayankhula wa Inbreeding. Inbreeding - mfundo ziweto. Komabe, mawu Angagwiritsidwenso ntchito mu kuswana mbewu.

heterosis

Pali chinthu monga digiri muyeso wa inbreeding. Izi zimachitika pamene:

• nyama amatha kudziletsa umuna;
• zomera ndi kudzikonda mungu.

Mu milandu, kudziunjikira mu mibadwo alleles homozygous ndi mbali anakhumba ndi zosavuta Ndipotu itachotsedwa ya DNA a anthu osiyanasiyana. Mundawu chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu kuswana kubzala. Anthu m'badwo woyamba mwa okha-kubereketsa zomera zambiri zotsatirapo zimenezi, zimene zokolola ndi chinawonjezeka ndi 60%! Ichi chikudziwika ngati heterosis, ndipo ndi njira amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala amenewa chiyambi chomera, monga:

• thonje;
• tsabola;
• nandolo;
• nyemba;
• citrus;
• tirigu;
• barele ndi ena.

Zikhalidwe inbreeding, kuyendetsedwa ndi munthu alipire proyavlyaemosti zoipa jini kutengerapo mu chikhalidwe chawo heterozygous mu mibadwo ya m'tsogolo. Izi zachitika mwa kusankha yokumba. Ngati mbewu amakhala ku zinthu zachilengedwe, monga kusankha ya chilengedwe chikuchitika, mwachibadwa. N'chifukwa chake mu chikhalidwe mwa zomera kudzikonda mungu zosatheka kukumana deformities, chinyengo ndi matenda aakulu chibadwa.

Mbiri ya lingaliro la chitukuko

Ngati inu kuyenda pansi pa madzi mu mbiriyakale, chiphunzitso cha pachibale, pali wokalamba kwambiri, kuyambira nthawi ya Farao ndi. Chitukuko osiyana anazindikira mosiyana zodabwitsazi. Mwachitsanzo, akale Aroma pachibale ankaona tchimo lalikulu. Koma mu malo ngati Egypt, Europe, chisanadze Columbian America, ndipo otsatira onse a chikunja, ndondomeko imeneyi inali ndithu yachibadwa zikuluzikulu za moyo. Abale momasuka anakwatira alongo, ndipo anali kuwalandira monga timatha kupulumutsa "chamtengo wapatali" mwazi wa mafumu mu nkhani ya mabanja achifumu ndi achifumu. Komabe, Baibulo waletsa pachibale amenewa, pachibale ankaona tchimo lalikulu, kotero dziko lonse la Chikhristu anaima ndi nthawi njira zimenezi.

Ngati ife kulankhula za zomera, nyama, chinachake chimene inbreeding, heterosis zimene anthu aphunzira kokha pambuyo pake empirically. Zikuonekeratu kuti pamene chidziwitso cha chibadwa anthu analibe. Anthu ankatsogoleredwa yekha momveka, mayesero experimental. Komabe, zinali zokwanira akhala anati: chopezera mbali kufunika ndi kukonza iwo mu mbadwa ayenera hybridize pakati pawo limodzi ndi mitundu alipo jini anasonyeza mwa kunja.

N'chimodzimodzinso ndi zomera. Amadziwika kuti XIV m'ma Ottoman wamkulu tulips kwambiri mitundu mwambo akamagwira inbreeding. Mwa nyama zambiri pansi inbreeding agalu, popeza anali chobwerapo zazikulu za kusaka ndi iye, nayenso - pafupifupi zosangalatsa chachikulu.

Inbreeding agalu, amene amapereka kwambiri, hardiest ndi ndikachite zotsatira za agalu kusaka. Nzowona ndi anthu ambirimbiri, akuwuka ku masinthidwe anawonongedwa.

Ukulu ndi inbreeding

phunziro ongolankhula cha chiphunzitso cha apatsidwa asayansi ambiri, koma ntchito yofunikira kwambiri ya ku England Wright ndi Russia Kislovsky. Pamodzi, koma paokha, iwo anali Ngokhoza kulenga chilinganizo ndi kuwerengera koyefishienti wa inbreeding mibadwo. Icho chiri motere:

_{F × = Σ F (1/2)} N + ni- ¹ * (1 + F _a) * 100, kumene

• F _× - inbreeding koyefishienti, anasonyeza kuti anthu ndi;
• F _ndi - inbreeding ku kholo limodzi;
• N, N _ine - lineages.

Ngati inu mukudziwa mibadwo yambiri ya mtundu, komanso ndi ndondomeko ya kale kudziwa inbreeding koyefishienti kwa makolo, n'zotheka kudziwa mlingo Tikutero chifukwa chilichonse. Only tisaiwale kuti kuwerengetsera ameneŵa yekha kwa cholinga ongolankhula. Khalani limasonyeza kuti njira imeneyi ndi inefficient, chifukwa amanyalanyaza alleles recessive onyamula masinthidwe zoipa. Ndipo iwo akhoza kukhala homo- ndi heterozygotes pa ndondomeko pafupipafupi.

Choncho, zotsatira za mchitidwe wa zimasiyana ndi masamu theoretically. Chilinganizo Wright-Kislovsky ntchito kokha polemba dissertations, mapepala akuti, dissertations, kumene lalikulu kwambiri kuchuluka kwa deta Ambiri amafuna systematization ndi malipiro ofanana.

Ngati ife kulankhula za mlingo wa inbreeding, ife tawakonzera pamwamba. The galu kuswana mchitidwe kutanthauza mawerengero ake Roma, zomwe zikuonetsa, imene m'badwo anali kholo limodzi ndi chizindikiro zolondola.

Gawo

Close (pafupi) inbreeding - ndichiyani? Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa ndondomeko yofanana, tikambirana pansipa. Komanso olekanitsidwa inbreeding lochepa lakutali. Kuti timvetse kusiyana chachikulu ndi kufanana pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuyang'ana pa aliyense wa iwo.

inbreeding pafupi

Ichi ndi yovuta kwambiri ndi koopsa kwa ndondomekoyi. Iye ankawoloka wapafupi wachibale Mitundu. Ngati ikumasuliridwa anthu achibale -degree, ndi Mwachitsanzo, mayi ndi mwana, bambo ndi mwana wamkazi, m'bale ndi mlongo.

Chonchi ndizi limapezeka pafupi kuwombola alleles ofanana. Chifukwa, chizindikiro anakhumba amapezeka mofulumira mu mbadwo mbewu. Koma vuto n'chakuti chifukwa munthu akhoza kukwaniritsa chobisika recessive ZOOPSA jini, ndipo padzakhala wamkulu, ikuluikulu chiwerengero cha ana. Zikatero, mofulumira kudzikundikira zizindikiro zoipa ndi deformities kuoneka, pali nthayo, osabereka zamoyo.

maganizo zolimbitsa

Chotero inbreeding nyama anawoloka kwambiri achibale. Ikumasuliridwa munthu digiri achibale Mwachitsanzo, asuweni, mphwanga ndi amalume, ndi zina zotero.

Chifukwa cha zimenezi, mukhoza pang'onopang'ono, kupanga kusankha mosamala, kukwaniritsa homozygosity kuti mwina akufuna. Zimenezi ndi yaitali, koma minimizes ndi zoipa alleles homozygous. Motero, munthu akhoza kupeza m'badwo wabwino, wamphamvu, wathanzi ndi omvetsetsa pafupifupi zinyalala.

Inde, allele recessive la jini ZOOPSA udzakhalabe akuoneka, mwina, osati kamodzi, koma pa nthawi kwathunthu umazilara, ati heterozygote lapansi.

lakutali view

Izi nyama inbreeding kumafuna ndizi si monga yogwirizana anthu. Choncho, ngati ntchitoyo pa anthu, kungakhale Mwachitsanzo, msuweni wachiwiri ndi alongo.

A zoterezi amapereka chifukwa ofooka kwambiri, kawirikawiri pafupifupi wosaoneka. Kuwonjezera apo, kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti pa nthawi pali mibadwo ya anthu ndi malingaliro zikuchepa negative. Nyama zambiri zopweteka, ofooka, majini ZOOPSA amachuluka ndi chifukwa deformities.

N'zoonekeratu kuti kupeza mbewu yabwino, akhoza kusamutsa khalidwe lawo m'badwo wotsatira, ndi kupitiriza kupanga unyolo zambiri - ndi zimene zolinga za inbreeding (ndi cholinga chomwe ntchito).

zitsanzo crossbreeding

Inbreeding ziweto ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali. Ndipo kuti ndi chitsanzo cha oimira nyama zimaoneka momwe ntchito. Ponena za inbreeding amenewa, zitsanzo zotsatirazi:

• thoroughbred kavalo anthu;
• mizere yoyera agalu mahatchi;
• Mitundu Mitundu chongosangalatsa bwino ndi zina zotero.

Mfundo n'zotheka ntchito kusinthanitsidwa kuti mitundu yonse ya zinyama. Basi kwambiri ndi kuyesera koyera. Koma inbreeding zitsanzo za zimene takupatsani pamwamba - ichi ndi ntchito zofunika kwambiri zothandiza.

Makamaka phindu lalikulu wa obereketsa odziwa galu amene mumadziwa ins ndi outs wa ndizi ndi kuzindikira moona wokongola ndi wathanzi mbewu. Koma chibadwa - sayansi ndi capricious kwambiri, kotero musanyalanyaze zimachitika. majini Recessive akhoza kulankhula nafe momasuka, ndipo munthu adzakhala zosafunika zogulitsa, cholinga anafuna, ndi moyo.

Inbreeding mu cynology

Monga taonera, galu atamva kuti zinsinsi za chodabwitsa kwambiri kuposa anthu ena ogwira ntchito iliyonse. Inbreeding agalu - chikhalidwe zofunika kwa kuswana mizere mahatchi. ZIMAKHALA galu obereketsa anatsimikizira kuti zotsatira kwambiri unali mawonekedwe wofatsa umenewu kuwoloka.

Zinthu bwino agalu inbreeding:

• anayambitsa khalidwe genotype;
• woyenera ndi njira chowoneka ngati njira;
• kusankha zolimbitsa mwina.

Chinthu chachikulu kwa mahatchiwo iliyonse - kuteteza chiyambi cha inbreeding maganizo. Izi zili mzere pamene anthu anayamba kutumiza mzake majini ZOOPSA zimene zimachititsa deformities. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anthu onse ali ofooka, kowawa ndipo nthawi zambiri anaphedwa.

outbreeding

Inbreeding mu kuswana zomera ndi zofunika kwambiri, chifukwa mbewu zambiri samoopylyaemy, kotero dzuwa ake ndi mkulu. Koma pamene izo zifika nyama kwambiri ntchito koma outbreeding - ufalikire pa kukonza. Amene anawoloka anthu ambiri zifukwa kupereka zabwino thoroughbred mzere. Mu njira iyi ayipanga akavalo, ng'ombe, nkhumba, agalu ndi ziweto zina. Outbreeding - njira yosavuta komanso odalirika kuswana, monga ku mibadwomibadwo ndi khola kuti ana a zokolola.