Earth Sciences: Geography. Amene asayansi anapanga mawu akuti "madera"?

Pali sayansi ambiri, amachita ngati chinthu kuphunzira Lapansi ndi chikhalidwe chake. M'nkhaniyi tiona mmodzi wa iwo. Kodi madera ndi kuti akuphunzira? Amene ndi pamene anadzetsa sayansi liwu?

sayansi Earth

Pali sayansi zovuta, chinthu kuphunzira imene - Dziko Lapansi ndi chikhalidwe chake. Iwo amatchedwa sayansi zachilengedwe. Ichi ndi sayansi (liwu kuchokera Greek ndipo limatanthauza "chikhalidwe"), zamoyo, zachilengedwe, umagwirira ndipo, ndithudi, mapiri ake. Kenako, tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane ndi zolinga ndi zokhumba za chilango chimene sayansi, komanso tikupeza amene asayansi anapanga mawu akuti "madera".

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti kalelo, mu masiku oyambirira a sayansi zimenezi nzeru zonse za dziko zinalumikizana kulanga munthu. Komano, ndi kudzikundikira zinthu zatsopano, ndi sayansi ya Earth anayamba kudziwika. Choncho panali sayansi, malo, nthaka, zamoyo, kenako ambiri amalanga latsopano.

Komabe, sayansi izi onse amagwirizana chinthu chimodzi kafukufuku. Ndizo basi zolinga ali - osiyana. Physics kuphunzira njira zonse zachilengedwe ndi zochitika, zamoyo akufotokoza zosiyanasiyana za nyama ndi zomera za padziko lathuli, koma madera - ndi sayansi chilengedwe chonse zimene amaphunzira ntchito kwa dera envelopu wa Dziko Lapansi.

Amene asayansi anapanga mawu akuti "madera"?

Mawu akuti "madera" tichipeza mawu awiri: "Geo" - m'dziko ndi "Chiwerengero" - ndalemba, Ine kufotokoza. Kuti kwenikweni akhoza likumasuliridwa kuti "zemleopisanie". Amene poyamba anagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "madera" m'mbiri ya sayansi?

Icho chinali chapadera Greece dzina ndi woganiza ku Eratosthenes wa ku Kurene. Iye anakhala ndi ntchito ku Greece mu zaka za zana lachitatu BC. Eratosthenes zinthu kafukufuku zinali osiyanasiyana lero adzatchedwa, ndi malo, ndi masamu, ndi zakuthambo, ndi philologist.

Eratosthenes Kirensk angatchedwe oyamba m'mbiri ya geographers. Kuwonjezera iye, izi amachita sayansi ndi zina asayansi wakale Greek - Strabo, Herodotus, Ptolemy. Otsiriza, ndi momwe, analemba ntchito voluminous pansi udindo laconic "Geography".

Eratosthenes chopereka kwa sayansi Hrs

Eratosthenes phindu kwagona kuti titayensa kuyeza miyeso ya dziko lapansi (kutanthauza circumference ake). Ndithudi, iye kale ankakhulupirira kuti Earth wathu ndi dera. Chifukwa cha miyezo ya kunapezeka ndithu chiwerengero chenicheni - 39 590 Km (kutalika woona kwa dziko Lapansi ndi pafupifupi 40,000 km)!

Kodi Eratosthenes anatha molondola kuwerengera kukula kwa Dziko Lapansili? Ndipotu iye analibe zida yeniyeni ndi zipangizo, ndi kukwera mu mlengalenga, nayenso, ndithudi, sadathe. The chida chachikulu cha wasayansi anali ... dzuwa! Pakuti anayeza iye analanda mizinda iwiri: Alexandria ndi Siena. Pamene dzuwa pachimake pa Siena, iye apeza kuti ku Alexandria orb "zomwe zikutsalirazi kumbuyo" pa 1/50 gawo chozungulira chathunthu. Kudziwa mtunda enieni pakati pa mizinda iwiri, Eratosthenes kuchulukitsa izo mwa nthawi 50 ndipo walandira lapansi osiyanasiyana yaitali!

Tsopano inu mukudziwa zomwe a sayansi anapanga mawu akuti "madera". Kodi kuphunzira sayansi pa siteji pano?

Kodi kuphunzira madera?

Pakali pano, chinthu chachikulu cha kuphunzira madera akhoza mwachidule motere: Kupenda zinthu okhudza malo a gulu la envelopu Hrs a Dziko Lapansi. Otsiriza, monga ife tikudziwira, imakhala Geospheres zinayi: lithosphere, mlengalenga hydro- ndi biosphere. Motero, sayansi lonse la madera lagawidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa amalanga yopapatiza, omwe ali lokha zolinga ndi zokhumba.

zigawo ziwiri zazikulu allocated mu dongosolo la sayansi yamakono Hrs:

1. Thupi madera.
2. Umoyo ndi zachuma madera.

Mwa mavuto aakulu ndi onena kuti nkhawa geographers ano, izi:

• yankho la funso "Kodi kuphunzira madera";
• ndi chowaloleza chifukwa kuli ngati sayansi;
• Khama la ntchito yaikulu ya malo a m'zaka XXI;
• chilli tanthauzo mawu akuti "malo osiyanasiyana chipolopolo", "danga enieni" "malo," "dongosolo chachibadwidwe", "geosystem" ndi ena;
• Ongolankhula chitukuko cha chiphunzitso ndi njira za malowo (kapena metageography);
• m'dongosolo wosakwatiwa ndipo amapanga zomveka wa sayansi lawolawo;
• kufufuza njira kusintha njira Hrs kafukufuku , ndi zina zotero. d.

Pomaliza ...

Tsopano inu mukudziwa zomwe a sayansi anapanga mawu akuti "madera" mu sayansi. Limenelo linali Greece dzina Eratosthenes wa ku Kurene, amene ankakhala mu BC III atumwi. Koma mbiri ya sayansi dziko, anadziwika osati olephera izi. Makamaka, Eratosthenes bwino kwambiri kuyeza kukula kwa dziko lathuli, alibe zipangizo aliyense masiku ano.

Mawu akuti "madera" latembenuzidwa kuchokera Greek momwe "zemleopisanie". Komabe, zolinga ndi ntchito za sayansi masiku ano zambiri wachibadidwe ndi m'zigawozigawo kuposa kulongosola mmene zililimu padziko lapansi.