Kukula kwa astronautics. Mbiri ya chitukuko cha cosmonautics ku Russia

Mbiri ya chitukuko danga - ndi nkhani ya mtima kwapadera anthu, chilakolako kumvetsa malamulo a chilengedwe chonse ndi choti osiyanasiyana alipidwa ndi zotheka. Space kufufuza, umene unayamba cha m'ma otsiriza, anapereka dziko zambiri kutulukira. Zikukhudza malo onse a nyenyezi lakutali, ndi njira lapadziko ndithu. Space chitukuko ankalimbikitsa kusintha kwa luso kwachititsa kufufuza mu zosiyanasiyana a chidziwitso, kuchokera sayansi ndi mankhwala. Komabe, ndondomeko izi anatenga nthawi yaitali.

anataya ntchito

Kukula kwa astronautics mu Russia ndi kunja, inayamba kale ndi spacecraft choyamba. Woyamba wa sayansi chikutanthauza anali ongolankhula yekha, ndi kulungamitsa n'zotheka kuyenda danga. Mu dziko lathu, mmodzi mwa apainiya a astronautics pa nsonga ya cholembera anali Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky. "Munthu" - chifukwa anali patsogolo Nikolay Ivanovich Kibalchich, chilango cha imfa chifukwa cha kuphedwa kwa Alexander II, ndipo kwa masiku angapo pamaso zida mpanda kukhala ntchito imene angakubwezereninso munthu mu mlengalenga. Zinali mu 1881, koma Kibalchicha ntchito sanali lofalitsidwa mpaka 1918.

mphunzitsi kumidzi

Tsiolkovsky, amene nkhani ndi zapansi ongolankhula malo ndege anabwera mu 1903, samadziwa za Kibalchicha. Pa nthawi imeneyo, adaphunzitsa mu Kaluga College masamu ndi masamu. Nkhani wake wotchuka sayansi "Investigation wa akunja zipangizo danga roketi" anakhudza kuthekera ntchito chida mu mlengalenga. Kukula kwa astronautics mu Russia, ndiye komabe mfumu, anayamba Tsiolkovsky. Iye anayamba kapangidwe roketi dongosolo, angathe kunyamula mwamuna nyenyezi, kumbuyo lingaliro la za moyo zosiyanasiyana m'chilengedwe chonse, analankhula za kufunika yomanga nthambi yokumba siteshoni danga.

Mu yomweyi, ndi astronautics ongolankhula anayamba kunja. Komabe kulumikiza pakati ofufuza kapena kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma, kapena pambuyo pake, mu 30s, pafupifupi sanali. Robert Goddard, Hermann Oberth, ndi Esnault-Pelterie, ndi American, ndi German ndi France motero, ntchito pa nkhani zofanana kwa nthawi yaitali sankadziwa kalikonse za ntchito ya Tsiolkovsky. Ngakhale ndiye, kusagwirizana kwa anthu zinakhudza mayendedwe a chitukuko cha mafakitale latsopano.

zaka Pre-nkhondo ndi Great kukonda dziko lako Nkhondo

Development wa Space anapitiriza 20-40-ntchentche a magulu a Mafuta Mphamvu Laboratory ndi ndege Kanyama Gulu Research, kenako Institute Research ndege. Mwa mpanda wa mabungwe maphunziro zinayenda bwino zomangamanga maganizo dziko, kuphatikizapo F. A. Tsander, M. K. Tihonravov ndi SP Korolev. Mu Laboratories ntchito kukhala woyamba makina ndege utsi madzi ndi olimba, anayamba maziko ongolankhula wa astronautics.

Mu zaka chisanadze nkhondo ndi pa World nkhondo II mapulani ndi kupanga injini ndege ndi ndege roketi. Nthawi imeneyi, zifukwa zoonekeratu, chidwi linaperekedwa kwa chitukuko nkhondo sitima ndi maroketi unguided.

Queens ndi "V2"

The yoyamba m'mbiri ya nkhondo asilikali ano mtundu analengedwa mu Germany pankhondo molamulidwa ndi Werner von Braun. Ndiye V-2, kapena "V-2" anachititsa kwambiri mavuto. Akadzagonjetsedwa Germany, von Braun kuwapititsa ku America, kumene anayamba kugwira ntchito pa ntchito yatsopano, kuphatikizapo pa zomwe maroketi malo ndege.

Mu 1945, nkhondo Germany kuphunzira "V-2" lafika gulu la akatswiri Soviet. Mwa iwo anali Queens. Anaikidwa Mkulu wa akatswiri okonza ndi wotsogolera luso Institute "mzinda wa Nordhausen", aumbike mwa Germany mu chaka chomwecho. Kuwonjezera kuphunzira maroketi German, Korolev ndi anzake chinkhoswe mu chitukuko cha ntchito yatsopano. Mu 50 Maofesi motsogozedwa wake analenga R-7. Izi roketi awiri gawo anakhoza kukhala woyamba danga liwiro ndi kuonetsetsa linanena bungwe otsika-Earth kanjira magalimoto Mipikisano matani.

Magawo chitukuko cha astronautics

Ubwino wa ku America mu yokonza magalimoto kwa kufufuza malo kugwirizana ndi ntchito ya von Braun, anasiya kale, pamene October 4, 1957 dziko la Soviet Union ilili choyamba. Kuyambira nthawi kuti anapita mofulumira chitukuko cha astronautics. Mu 50-60-ntchentche imachitika zatsopano zingapo ndi nyama. Mu mlengalenga, agalu ndi anyani anapita. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, asayansi anasonkhana mudziwe kwambiri kuti kotheka kukhala womasuka mu malo munthu. Kumayambiriro a 1959 izo anakwanitsa kufika kuthawa mathamangidwe.

Kukula zapamwamba wa cosmonautics Russian walandiridwa padziko lonse lapansi, pamene thambo pomudyetsanso poizoni Yuri Gagarin. Iwo anatenga izo, popanda kukokomeza, chochitika chachikulu pa April 12 , 1961 chaka. Kuyambira tsiku limeneli anayamba malowedwe anthu mu expanses chilengedwe yozungulira Earth.

pofuna kukwaniritsa astronautics anali kugwirizana ndi kusintha mphamvu luso ndi kulenga chilengedwe bwino kwambiri akatswiri a. Dziwani magawo chachikulu cha ndondomekoyi:

• October 12, 1964 - mu kanjira anabweretsa makina ndi anthu angapo pa bolodi (USSR);
• March 18, 1965 - woyamba munthu spacewalk (USSR);
• February 3, 1966 - ndi ndegeyo woyamba pa mwezi zida (USSR);
• December 24, 1968 - mapeto woyamba panali spacecraft kuti Mpita wa Dziko Lapansi Kanema (USA);
• July 20, 1969 - tsiku la ndegeyo loyamba la anthu pa Moon (USA);
• April 19, 1971 - woyamba anapezerapo orbiter (USSR);
• July 17, 1975 - nthawi yoyamba yomwe anali atazikocheza zombo ziwiri (Soviet ndi American);
• April 12, 1981 - woyamba "Space Olumikiza" (US) anapita mu mlengalenga.

Kukula kwa astronautics zamakono

Lero, malo kufufuza akupitiriza. The kupambana zakale tagwira zipatso - anthu anapita Moon ndi akukonzekera kulongosola wodziwa Mars. Komabe, panali ndege pulogalamu tsopano osauka ntchito zing'onozing'ono kuposa basi interplanetary siteshoni. The zikuchitika osiyanasiyana danga popanga makina anzeru akupereka mauthenga kwa Earth za Saturn lakutali, Jupiter ndi Pluto, Mercury ndi kupezekapo kufufuza meteorites.
Kufanana danga zokopa alendo akufotokozera. Great kufunika lero ndi ojambula padziko lonse. Dera lonse pang'ono ndi pang'ono kubwera kunena kuti anatulukira kwambiri ndiponso zimene zimachitika mofulumira ndipo nthawi zambiri ngati kuphatikiza khama ndi maluso a m'mayiko osiyanasiyana.