Kodi siteshoni danga? Kodi yozungulira danga siteshoni?

Tikudziwa zochepa za chilengedwe, pafupi angati osadziwika zinsinsi zikupereka. Palibe munthu ngakhale pafupifupi kuzindikira zinsinsi za chilengedwe. Ngakhale kuti anthu pang'onopang'ono akusunthira kwa izo. Kuyambira kale, anthu ndikufuna kuti timvetsere zomwe zikuchitika m'mlengalenga, zimene maofesi, kupatula kwa dziko lathuli ndi mu dongosolo la zowalitsa monga kumasulira zinsinsi zimene iwo kugwira. zinsinsi zambiri kuti Amabisa dziko lakutali, zinachititsa chakuti asayansi ayamba kuganizira mmene munthu angakhoze kupita malo kuliphunzira.

Choncho panali woyamba siteshoni danga. Ndipo kuseri kwa izo - khamu maofesi ena, zovuta ndi Mipikisano zinchito kafukufuku umalimbana anagonjetsa mlengalenga.

Kodi siteshoni danga?

Ichi ndi unsembe chovuta kwambiri cholinga kutumiza ofufuza ndiponso asayansi mu malo zatsopano. Iwo lili kanjira dziko lapansi, asayansi pali yabwino kusunga m'mlengalenga ndi padziko lapansili, kuti kafukufuku ena. zolinga Awa ndi makina yokumba, koma iwo akulamulidwa kuchokera pansi, kuti, oyendetsa palibe.

Nthawi mamembala a adalira pa siteshoni danga m'malo ndi atsopano, koma zimachitika kawirikawiri mogwirizana ndi ndalama zoyendera m'malere. Komanso, nthawi kutumiza zombo kusuntha zofunika zida, chuma thandizo ndi chakudya cha chombo.

Mu mayiko ali yozungulira yake siteshoni danga

Monga tanena chilengedwe ndi chiyesedwe cha ofanana movutikira Zokonda - yaitali kwambiri ndi yokwera mtengo ndondomeko. Pamafunika osati ndalama kwambiri, komanso asayansi, akutha kulimbana ndi mavuto amenewa. Choncho okha mphamvu zikuluzikulu padzikoli angakwanitse kukhala, kuthamanga ndi kukhala zipangizozi.

okwerera yozungulira ndi United States, Europe (ESA), Japan, China ndi Russia. Kumapeto kwa zaka mazana makumi awiri, pamwamba boma pamodzi ndi kupanga bungwe la International Space Station. Komanso izi zimakhudzidwa ndi mayiko ena otukuka.

Station "Mir"

Imodzi mwa ntchito bwino kwambiri yomanga zida danga - siteshoni "Mir" kupanga mu USSR. Iwo unayambitsidwa mu 1986 (pamaso pa kapangidwe ndi kumanga kunachitika zaka khumi) ndipo anapitiriza ntchito mpaka 2001. Siteshoni danga "Mir" analenga kwenikweni pang'ono pang'ono. Ngakhale kuti tsiku Launch ake akuti ndi 1986, ndiye unayambitsidwa yekha mbali yoyamba, mu zaka khumi zapitazi, mayunitsi asanu anatumizidwa ku kanjira. chaka kuposa wina anadzetsa utumiki yozungulira siteshoni "Mir" osefukira kumene kunachitika pambuyo kwambiri kuposa nthawi yokonzedweratu.

MAKONZEDWE ndi zinthu zina ankapulumutsidwa ku siteshoni danga mothandizidwa ndi magalimoto zoyendera "Patsogolo". Pa moyo wa "Mtendere" analengedwa ndi sitima zinayi zofanana. Kwa deta analinso zoikamo yake yapadera ku siteshoni Padziko Lapansi - mivi ballistic pansi pa dzina "Rainbow". M'nthawi ya kukhalapo kwa siteshoni pa izo anapita oposa zana chombo. The kukhala aatali anali pa cosmonaut ake Russian Valery Polyakov.

osefukira

Mu mavuto 90 angapo, ndipo anaganiza kuti asiye kuphunzira za m'ma zapitazi, siteshoni anayamba. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti iwo yaitali kwambiri kuposa moyo sikhala, poyamba izo zimayenera ntchito kwa zaka pafupifupi khumi. Mu chaka cha madzi anasefukira siteshoni danga "Mir" (2001), anaganiza kuti am'patse ku dera kum'mwera kwa Pacific Ocean.

Zimayambitsa osefukira

Mu January 2001, anaganiza kusefukira siteshoni Russia. kampani anali opanda pake, ndipo kufunika mosalekeza kukonza zinthu zambiri yokonza ndi ngozi anatenga mavuto ake. Komanso akufuna ntchito angapo kutembenuka kwake. Siteshoni danga "Mir" anali kufunika kwa Tehran, amene anali ndi chidwi mmene younikira kayendedwe ndi chida imalankhula. Komanso, panali mafunso okhudza kuchepetsa kwambiri ntchito, zomwe ayenera kuchotsedwa. Ngakhale, mu 2001 (chaka cha chigumula cha siteshoni yozungulira "Mir"), izo yathetsedwa.

The International Space Station

ISS danga siteshoni - kuipidwa, analengedwa ndi madera osiyanasiyana. Amakhala osiyana, maiko khumi nawo chitukuko. Kwa nthawi yoyamba akulankhula za chilengedwe cha ngati ntchito Ine anabwerera mu 1984, pamene boma la US pamodzi ndi mayiko ena (Canada, Japan) kuti adaganiza zolenga wapamwamba-yozungulira siteshoni. Pambuyo chiyambi cha chitukuko, pamene anali kukonza zovuta amatchedwa "Ufulu", zinadziwika kuti ndalamazo pulogalamu danga lalikulu kwambiri bajeti boma. Choncho, Achimereka anaganiza kupempha thandizo ku maiko ena.

Choyamba, iwo, kumene, akatulukire kwa dziko, amene kale anali zinachitikira anagonjetsa m'mlengalenga - kwa USSR, kumene kunali mavuto ofanana: kupanda ndalama, zodula ntchito kukhazikitsa. Choncho, mgwirizano wa maiko ambiri anali njira abwino kwambiri.

Pangano ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa

Mu 1992, mgwilizano pa kufufuza anzake a malo yosainidwa pakati pa US ndi Russia. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, dziko bungwe Maulendo olowa ndi kugawana nzeru. patapita zaka zingapo woyamba ISS mchitidwe anatumizidwa ku malo. Lero imakhala ya zigawo, amene anakonza pang'onopang'ono kulumikiza angapo.

ISS zigawo

Kapangidwe ka ISS tichipeza zigawo kafukufuku atatu. Ichi ndi zasayansi American "Tsogolo" womwe unakhazikitsidwa mu 2001, likulu la "Columbus" linakhazikitsidwa ndi ofufuza European mu 2008. "Kibo" - Japanese gawo kwa kumayenda pamtunda woyenera pozungulira mu chaka chomwecho. Japanese kafukufuku gawo anaikidwa pa ISS lomaliza. Iwo chigawo ndi chigawo ku kanjira, komwe wokwera.

Russia alibe kafukufuku wake gawo zonse. Koma pali zipangizo zofanana - "Fufuzani" ndi "Dawn". Izi gawo mini-kafukufuku, amene ntchito zake pang'ono pokha otukuka poyerekeza ndi mayiko ena, koma osati kwambiri wolephera zipangizo zawo. Komanso, tsopano siteshoni multifunctional ndi akupangidwa ku Russia pansi pa dzina la "sayansi." Izo zakonzedwa kuti adzakhululukidwa anapezerapo mu 2017.

"Patsani moni"

Yozungulira siteshoni "Salyut" - ntchito nthawi yaitali wa USSR. zomera onsewa anali angapo zidutswa, onse amene piloted ndi cholinga cha pulogalamu yapachiweniweni DOS. Iyi ndi nthawi yoyamba Russian danga siteshoni unayambitsidwa mu kanjira, mu 1975 mothandizidwa ndi "purotoni" roketi.

Mu 1960 chitukuko loyamba malo yozungulira akhazikitsidwa. Ndi nthawi iyi munali kale "purotoni" Roketi ku zoyendera. Kuyambira chilengedwere ngati chipangizo kuipidwa anali zachilendo wasayansi maganizo a USSR, ntchitoyo anayamba pang'onopang'ono. Mu ndondomeko zingapo mavuto. Choncho anaganiza ntchito zikuchitika lakonzedwa kuti "Union." Onse "Patsani" anali ofanana kwambiri dongosolo lawo. Waukulu ndi yaikulu chipinda ntchito.

"Tiangong-1"

Chinese danga siteshoni unayambitsidwa posachedwapa - mu 2011. Si koma zayambitsa mapeto a zomangamanga ake adzapitiriza mpaka 2020. Chifukwa, izo anaganiza zomanga siteshoni amphamvu kwambiri. Ntchito yomasulira mawu "Tiangong" amatanthauza "yachifumu kumwamba". kulemera chipangizo pafupifupi 8500 kg. Pakali pano, siteshoni ndizo zipinda ziwiri.

Popeza Chinese malo makampani akufuna kukhazikitsa siteshoni lotsatira-m'badwo ntchito "Tiangong-1" zosavuta m'tsogolo. Cholinga chachikulu cha ntchito imeneyi ndicho kugwira ntchito ndi zombo docking za "Shenzhou", amene tsopano kukasiya ku siteshoni, kuti yesa zigawo alipo ndiponso zipangizo, kusintha iwo ngati n'koyenera, komanso kulenga zinthu zachilendo kwa kukhala yaitali chombo mu kanjira. Malo awa a kupanga Chinese adzakhala kale onse osiyanasiyana zolinga ndi mwayi.

"Skylab"

Yekha American danga siteshoni unayambitsidwa mu kanjira mu 1973. Iwo anali umalimbana wozengereza kafukufuku pa zinthu zosiyanasiyana. "Skylab" imachitika luso, kwachilengedwenso astrophysical kafukufuku. Apokwelerapa panali atatu Maulendo yaitali, zinatha mpaka 1979, kenako anakomoka.

Mu "Skylab" ndi "Tiangong" mavuto ofanana. Koma kenako anayamba malo kufufuza, ndi gulu la "Skylab" anali kufufuza momwe ndondomeko ya anatengera munthu danga, ndi kuchita zina zatsopano sayansi.

Maulendowa woyamba "Skylab" unatenga masiku 28 okha. The chombo choyamba anakonza zina zowonongeka, ndipo pafupifupi analibe nthawi kafukufuku. Pa maulendowa chachiwiri, womwe unatenga masiku 59 kale, kuti anakhazikitsidwa ndi matenthedwe zokutira zitsulo nsalu yotchinga ndipo m'malo Hydroscope. Maulendowa lachitatu m'ngalawa "Skylab" unatenga masiku 84, chiwerengero cha maphunziro.

Titamaliza za maulendo atatu zopereka njira zingapo za mmene Zitatero nanu siteshoni, koma chifukwa cha ndikosatheka magalimoto kuti ndi mpita akutali, anaganiza kuti awononge "Skylab". Kodi chinachitika mu 1979. Ena makombo a siteshoni anakhoza kumupulumutsa, tsopano anasonyeza m'mamyuziyamu.

Genesis

Kuwonjezera pa pamwamba, panopa mu kanjira adakali okwerera awiri popanda adalira - kufufuma Genesis Ine ndi Genesis II, amene analengedwa ndi makampani nawo mu malo zokopa alendo. Iwo anapezerapo mu 2006 ndi 2007 ankalemekeza. okwerera izi saika pa kufufuza a kunja danga. chosiyana yaikulu luso - ndi kuti, kamodzi mu kanjira pamene apangidwe, iwo ali, ayamba kuonjezera kwambiri mu kukula.

Chitsanzo chachiwiri ndi okonzeka gawo zofunika masensa ndi 22 makamera. Malinga ndi polojekiti, bungwe ndi kampani amene analenga galimoto, munthu aliyense akhoza anatumizidwa ku gawo lachiwiri chinthu chaching'ono kuti 295 madola US. Komanso pa bolodi Genesis II ndi makina kusewera bingo.

zotsatira

Anyamata ambiri monga mwana anafuna kukhala chombo, ngakhale ochepa a iwo anamvetsa kuti ichi ntchito zovuta ndi zoopsa. Mu USSR, makampani danga anachititsa kunyada kwa aliyense patriot. Zikayenda asayansi Soviet mu am'derali zosaneneka. Iwo kwambiri ndi chidwi, monga ofufuza awa akhala apainiya m'munda mwawo anali kulenga zinthu zonse zawo. Woyamba yozungulira danga siteshoni anali yojambula. Iwo anatsegula nyengo yatsopano ya anagonjetsa chilengedwe chonse. Khalani a chombo amene anatumizidwa ku kanjira, analephera kufika pamwamba zosaneneka ndipo amathandiza kuti kufufuza malo, kuwulula zinsinsi zake.