Benthos - ndi ... zomera, nekton, benthos

Zomera, nekton, benthos - magulu atatu kuti akhoza kugawidwa zolengedwa zonse za m'madzi. Zomera algae mawonekedwe ndi nyama zazing'ono kuti akuyandama pafupi pamwamba madzi. Nekton tichipeza nyama akhoza mwachangu kusambira ndi madzi mu madzi, ndi nsomba, akamba, anamgumi Nsombayi ndi ena. Benthos - ndi zamoyo zimene zimakhala zigawo zapansi za malo m'madzi. Pamafunikanso nyama, zosawononga chilengedwe chikugwirizana ndi pansi, zikuphatikizapo echinoderms ambiri, nsomba demersal, nkhanu, molluscs, annelids , ndi zina zotero.

Mitundu ya moyo m'madzi

nyama zam'madzi anawagawa m'magulu atatu: zomera, nekton, benthos. Zooplankton anapereka yobwerera nyama zambiri wamfupi, koma akhoza ndithu chachikulu (mwachitsanzo, modabwitsa). Zooplankton Mwina mulinso kanthawi mitundu larval wa zamoyo kuti akhoza kukula ndi kusiya zomera mmudzi ndipo agwirizane magulu monga nekton, benthos.

Nekton kalasi amapanga mbali yaikulu ya nyama zamoyo m'nyanja. A zosiyanasiyana nsomba, nyamayi, anamgumi eels, anamgumiwa, ndi nyama - zonse zitsanzo za nekton. Izi gulu lonse kuyambira zikuphatikizapo angapo zolengedwa osiyana kwambiri kuti ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi mzake ndi muyezo ambiri.

ndi benthos chiyani? Mtundu wachitatu wa nyama zam'madzi kuti moyo wawo wonse pansi pa nyanja. gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo nkhanu za mtundu, starfish, mphutsi zosiyanasiyana, nkhono, nkhono ndi ena ambiri. Ena mwa zilombo, monga nkhanu za mtundu ndi nkhono akhoza kusuntha paokha pamodzi pansi, koma moyo wawo ndi kwambiri kugwirizana ndi pansi nyanja, kuti iwo sakanakhoza kupulumuka kuchokera chilengedwe. Benthos - ndi tizilombo kuti moyo pansi pa nyanja ndipo zikuphatikizapo zomera, nyama ndi mabakiteriya.

Zomera - ambiri mawonekedwe a umoyo mu malo m'madzi

Pamene mukuganiza moyo m'nyanja, ndi zambiri kucheza ndi anthu onse m'njira chikugwirizana ndi nsomba, ngakhale mfundo nsomba - mawonekedwe ambiri a moyo m'nyanja. Gulu lalikulu kwambiri ndi zomera. Magulu awiri enawo - nekton (mwachangu kusambira nyama) ndi benthic (zamoyo okhala pansi).

Mitundu yambiri ya zomera ndi ang'ono kwambiri kuona ndi apoyera.

Pali mitundu iwiri yaikulu ya zomera

• Timayandama, umene umabala chakudya umene timapuma. Ambiri mwa iwo ndi osiyana algae.
• Zooplankton, amene kudya timayandama. Pamafunikanso nyama tomwe nsomba mphutsi.

Zomera: onse mudziwe

Zomera - tosaoneka okhala chilengedwe pelagic. Iwo zigawo zikuluzikulu zofunika kwambiri pa unyolo chakudya chilengedwe m'madzi, monga iwo kupereka zakudya kwa nektonic (nkhanu, nsomba ndi nyama) ndi benthos (nyanja chinkhupule). Iwonso amadza padziko lonse biosphere, monga muyezo wa zigawo m'mlengalenga kwakukulukulu zimadalira ntchito yawo photosynthesis.

Mawu akuti "zomera" linachoka ku chi Herene Planktos, kutanthauza "akungoyendayenda" kapena "yobwerera". Ambiri zomera amathera kukhalako kwake, ikuyandama mafunde a nyanja. Komabe, si mitundu yonse ya akazitumiza, mitundu yambiri angathe kulamulira kayendedwe, ndi kupulumuka timadalira pafupi kwathunthu pa ufulu wawo.

Makulidwe nthumwi za zomera

Kukula zomera zimasiyanasiyana tizilombo ting'onoting'ono timene kutalika ndilo 1 micrometer kuti modabwitsa amene gelatinous belu kungakhale kwa mamita 2 m'lifupi, ndi tentacles imafika mamita oposa 15. Komabe, ambiri mwa zamoyo planktonic ndi nyama zosakwana 1 millimeter m'litali. Iwo kulibe likuvutika zakudya madzi nyanja ndi umene timapuma.

Oimira zomera ndi zosiyanasiyana zamoyo, monga algae, mabakiteriya mogwirizana, larva nyama zina ndi nkhanu. Ambiri planktonic protists ndi eukaryotes, zamoyo makamaka unicellular. Zomera akhoza kugawidwa mu timayandama, zooplankton ndi tizilombo (mabakiteriya). Timayandama amachita dzuwa ndi zooplankton ankaimira ogula heterotrophic.

nekton

Oimira nekton zachangu osambira ndipo zimakhala ndi zamoyo zambiri amadziwika madzi m'madzi. Awa ndi ogwirira chachikulu unyolo kwambiri chakudya m'madzi. Kusiyana pakati pa nekton ndi zomera si nthawi zonse lakuthwa. nyama yambiri (mwachitsanzo, nsomba) amathera gawo lawo larval mu mawonekedwe a zomera, koma siteji wamkulu ndi aakulu ndi yogwira nekton.

Ambiri nekton ndi inakhala, nsomba, nyama zokwawa, nyama, molluscs ndiponso nkhanu. Gulu yaikulu imakhala nsomba, okwana zilipo pafupifupi 16,000 mitundu. Nekton likukwaniritsa kuya onse ndi m'lifupi mwa nyanja. Zinsomba, anyani, zisindikizo zikusonyeza oimira nektonic madzi kumalo ozizira. The zosiyanasiyana wamkulu wa nekton akupezeka m'madzi otentha.

Mawonekedwe ambiri osiyanasiyana a moyo ndi phindu lake zachuma

Izi zikuphatikizapo komanso nyama yaikulu pa dziko lapansi, Nangumiyu, wophuka kuti mamita 25-30 kutalika kwake. Zimphona izi, komanso ena zinsomba baleen kudya zomera ndi micronekton. Oimira waukulu wa nekton ndi Nsombayi, lomwe kufika kutalika mamita 17, komanso zinsomba imodzi (orcas), woyera nsombazi, nyalugwe nsombazi, bluefin nsomba, ndi ena.

Nekton ndi maziko a nsomba padziko lonse. Anchovies, hering'i, sardines zambiri pakati-kota kuti gawo limodzi la zokolola pachaka nyanja. Mwanzeru nekton wapatali alinso nyamayi. Nsomba yam'nyanja yamchere ndi m'nyanja zikuluzikulu ndi demersal nsomba zimenezi mtengo malonda chakudya cha anthu. Monga ulamuliro, iwo ncho madzi a alumali chokhala.

benthos

ndi tanthauzo la mawu "benthos" n'chiyani? Mawu akuti "benthos" amachokera ku Chigiriki omwe bentos ndipo limatanthauza 'kuya kwa nyanja. " Mfundo imeneyi ntchito zamoyo pofotokoza gulu la zamoyo pa nyanja, komanso ngati matupi madzi oyera ngati nyanja, mitsinje ndi mitsinje.

zamoyo Benthic akhoza m'magulu malinga kukula. Kuti monga macrobenthos zamoyo lalikulu kuposa 1 millimeter. Izi ndi zosiyana gastropods, bivalves, maluwa nyanja, zolusa nyanja nyenyezi ndi nkhono. Zamoyo ndi makulidwe kuyambira mamilimita 0.1 1 ndi tizilombo ting'onoting'ono lalikulu lalikulu mu unyolo pansi chakudya, kuchita ntchito ya biogenic zinyalala kutentha, mankhwala pulayimale ndi chilombo. gulu zikuphatikizapo microbenthos zamoyo zing'onozing'ono kuposa 1 millimeter, izo diatoms, mabakiteriya ndi ciliates. Osati zamoyo zonse benthic tikukhala mu matope, ena m'madera moyo pa magawo miyala.

Pali mitundu itatu yosiyana benthic

1. Infauna - zamoyo kuti moyo pansi pa nyanja, m'manda mu mchenga kapena kubisala zipolopolo. Ali kuyenda zochepa, tikukhala mu matope ndi ongoyendayenda chilengedwe ndi kukhala ndithu yaitali moyo zaka zambiri. Zikuphatikizapo zipolopolo nyanja ndipo zosiyanasiyana nkhono.
2. Epifauna tingathe kukhala kuyenda pamwamba pa nyanja, kumene iwo amagwira. Iwo amakhala ndi kuika kwa miyala kapena m'dambo kuyendera pamwamba. Iwo thonje, nkhono, nkhono, starfish ndi nkhanu.
3. Zamoyo kuti moyo pansi pa nyanja, koma akhoza kusambira mu madzi pamwamba. Zikuphatikizapo pansi nsomba zofewa - puffers, fulonda ntchito nkhanu ndi nyongolotsi pamene pali chakudya.

Kugwirizana pakati pa pelagic ndi chilengedwe benthic

Benthos - zamoyo zomwe amagwira ntchito yaikulu mu dera m'madzi kwachilengedwenso. mitundu Benthic ndi gulu osiyanasiyana, omwe ndi kugwirizana waukulu mu unyolo chakudya. Iwo zosefera madzi pofunafuna madipoziti chakudya achotsedwa ndi organic zinthu, potero ayeretsedwe madzi. Pansi pa nyanja ndi nyanja ndi waikamo zipangizo makuponi organic, amene ndiye kukonzedwa ndi anabwerera zamoyo benthic mu ndime madzi. mnjira mineralization wa organic ndi gwero lofunika zakudya ndi n'kofunika kuonetsetsa mkulu kupanga yaikulu.

Malingaliro a mapangidwe pelagic ndi benthic ndi zogwirizana pa muyezo ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, pelagic zomera ndi gwero lofunika chakudya cha nyama kuti moyo pa nthaka yofewa kapena miyala. Anemones ndi barnacles kutumikira monga madzi achilengedwe fyuluta ozungulira. chilengedwe mapangidwe pelagic ndi anagwiritsanso pansi kupyolera moulting mankhwala crustacean ndi kuwombola zomera akufa. M'kupita kwa nthawi, zomera ndipamene m'dambo m'madzi monga mafupawa, amene ntchito kudziwa zaka chiyambi cha miyala.

zamoyo za m'madzi ali m'magulu malinga ndi malo awo. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti malo a nyama amakhudza kwambiri pa kusanduka awo. Komanso, ambiri a iwo bwino ndinazolowera moyo mu chilengedwe makamaka iwo mmenemo. ndi chachikulu pakati pa magulu awiri, wotchedwa zomera, benthos ndi nekton chiyani?

Zomera - nyama tosaoneka kapena kwakung'ono kuyerekeza ndi mitundu ina iwiri. Nekton ndi momasuka akuyandama nyama. ndi benthos chiyani? Izi zikuphatikizapo momwe kusuntha momasuka ndi zamoyo iwo sanena moyo wawo popanda pansi pa madzi. Nanga bwanji zinthu kuti moyo makamaka pansi, komanso kusambira - nyamayi, sawfish, fulonda? mitundu ina ya moyo mwina adzatchedwa nektobentosom.