Science kuti amaphunzira minofu - histology

Kodi tikudziwa za sayansi monga histology? Mwanjira chakudya amafotokoza analipo kusukulu. Koma mwatsatanetsatane, sayansi amaphunzira maphunziro (mayunivesite) mankhwala.

Pa mlingo maphunziro, tidziwa kuti pali mitundu inayi ya zimakhala, ndi iwo ali chimodzi mwa zigawo zazikulu za thupi lathu. Koma kwa anthu amene akonza kusankha kapena asankha kale ntchito yawo mankhwala malonda, muyenera timudziwe bwino mwatsatanetsatane ndi gawo zamoyo monga histology.

histology Kodi

Histology - sayansi kuti Maphunziro a minofu ya zamoyo (anthu, zinyama ndi zina zamoyo multicellular), mapangidwe awo, kapangidwe, ntchito ndi mogwirizana. nthambi ili la sayansi zikuphatikizapo ena angapo.

Kulangidwa maphunziro, sayansi ndi monga:

• cytology (sayansi kuphunzira khungu);
• embryology (phunziro chitukuko wosabadwayo, maonekedwe a mapangidwe ziwalo ndipo zimakhala);
• ambiri histology (sayansi ya chitukuko, ntchito ndiponso dongosolo la minofu, makamaka minofu maphunziro);
• histology mseri (kuphunzira microstructure ziwalo ndi kachitidwe kawo).

Kuchuluka kwa gulu la thupi la munthu dongosolo Integrated

wolowezana Ichi ndi chinthu kuphunzira histology tichipeza milingo angapo, aliyense wa womwenso wotsatira. Motero, mungathe kuona m'maganizo mwanu monga matryoshka Mipikisano.

1. Thupi. Iwo kwachilengedwenso umphumphu wa dongosolo, amene anapanga pa ontogeny.
2. Akuluakulu. Ndi zovuta za zimakhala, amene kucheza ndi mnzake mu ntchito yawo zikuluzikulu ndi kuonetsetsa kukhazikitsa ndi ntchito zofunika.
3. Minofu. Pa mlingo, pamodzi ndi ena ofanana cha ndende. Anaphunzitsidwa mitundu ya zimakhala. Ngakhale kuti zigwirizana zosiyanasiyana deta chibadwa, katundu pamoyo kudziwa maselo zofunika.
4. Maselo. motere ndi zofunika structural ndi zinchito unit wa minofu - selo ndi ena ofanana.
5. Subcellular mlingo. Pa mlingo wa zigawo kuphunzira selo - phata, organelles, cytolemma, cytosol, ndi zina zotero.
6. Maselo mlingo. mlingo wofanana ndi kuphunzira zikuchokera maselo a zigawo selo ndi kugwira ntchito zawo.

Science kuti amaphunzira minofu: Ntchito

Ngati sayansi aliyense, histology amadziwikanso chiwerengero ntchito zimene zimagwiridwa pa phunziro ndi chitukuko cha m'ntchito imeneyi. Mwa ntchito izi ndi zofunika kwambiri:

• kuphunzira histogenesis;
• kutanthauzira kwa chiphunzitso ambiri histology;
• Kuphunzira minofu lamulo ndi homeostasis njira;
• phunziro makhalidwe maselo monga kusinthasintha, masiyanidwe ndi reactivity;
• chiphunzitso chitukuko kusinthika pambuyo njira minofu choipa ndi minofu m'malo mankhwala;
• kutanthauzira kwa zipangizo maselo majini malamulo, njira yatsopano ya mankhwala jini, komanso kayendedwe ka maselo tsinde embryonic;
• phunziro chitukuko anthu mu gawo wosabadwayo, nthawi zina chitukuko anthu, komanso mavuto ndi kubalana ndi osabereka.

Magawo chitukuko cha sayansi ya histology

Monga amadziwika, dera kuphunzira kapangidwe ka zimakhala amatchedwa "histology". Nchiyani, asayansi ayamba kupeza pamaso yathu ino.

Choncho, mbiri ya chitukuko cha gawo ili ikhonza kuikidwa mu magawo atatu chachikulu - domikroskopichesky (17 TH atumwi), tosaoneka (mpaka m'ma 20) ndi zamakono (mpaka tsopano). Mfundo iliyonse mwa njirazi makamaka.

Domikroskopichesky nthawi

Pa nthawi imeneyi, histology mu maonekedwe ake apachiyambi ubwenzi ophunzira monga Aristotle, Vesalius, Galen ndi ena ambiri. Ngakhale chinthu kuphunzira minofu kuti munalekanitsidwa ndi munthu kapena nyama ndi njira yokonza. imeneyi inayamba mu 5 m'ma BC ndipo zinatha mpaka 1665.

tosaoneka nthawi

Kenako, tosaoneka ndi maso, nthawi anayamba ndi 1665. Chibwenzi ndi chifukwa kuyambitsa lalikulu la maso ndi Robert Hooke ku England. Wasayansi ntchito maikulosikopu kuphunzira zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kwachilengedwenso. anapezazo ndi lofalitsidwa mu "Monograph", komwe poyamba anagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "selo".

Apadera asayansi nthawi imeneyi, amene anaphunzira zimakhala ndi ziwalo, anali Marcello Malpighi, Antoni Van Levenguk ndi Neemiya Gryu.

Kapangidwe ka maselo kuphunzira ophunzira monga Jan Evangelista Purkinje, Robert Brown, Matthias Schleiden ndi Theodor Schwann (chithunzi wake anaika pansipa). Last kenako anaumba chiphunzitso selo, yomwe ndi zogwirizana ndi mpaka lero.

Chikudziwikabe chitukuko cha sayansi histology. Nchiyani, panthawi imeneyi kuphunzira Rudolf Virhov, Kamillo Goldzhi, Theodor Boveri, Keith Roberts Porter, Christian Mnazareti De Duve. Komanso imeneyi ndi ntchito ndi asayansi ena, monga Ivan Dorofeevich Chistyakov ndi Peter Ivanovich peremezhku.

Mbali atsopano a chitukuko cha histology

Gawo lotsiriza la sayansi kuti amaphunzira zimakhala thupi, kuyambira 1950. Nthawi mafelemu anafotokozedwa choncho chifukwa anali ndiye kuti phunziro la kwachilengedwenso elekitironi maso anagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba, komanso njira zatsopano za kafukufuku omwe alowa, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta, histochemistry ndi gistoradiografii.

minofu Kodi

Chitani mwachindunji chinthu chachikulu kuphunzira sayansi monga histology. Nsalu - ndi evolutionarily anayambika dongosolo maselo ndi nyumba si ma kuti ndi logwirizana chifukwa cha dongosolo la kufanana ndi mbali wamba. M'mawu ena, nsalu - ichi ndi chimodzi mwa m'nyanjazi za thupi zimene ndiwo mgwirizano wa maselo opangidwa kuchokera awo, ndipo ndicho chiyambi yomanga ziwalo mkati ndi kunja.

nsalu si kwathunthu kunja kwa maselo. The zikuchokera zikuphatikizapo zotsatirazi zigawo zimakhala: ulusi minofu syncytia (imodzi mwa magawo kakulidwe maselo nyongolosi amuna), maselo othandiza magazi kuundana, erythrocytes, epidermal tentha mthupi mamba (postkletochnye dongosolo), komanso kolajeni, zotanuka ndi reticular intercellular mankhwala.

Zikamera ndi maganizo "minofu"

Lingaliro la "nsalu" anamugwiritsa ntchito wasayansi British Nehemiya Grew. Amene ankaphunzira zimakhala zomera, asayansi anaona kufanana kwa nyumba ma ndi nsalu CHIKWANGWANI-nsalu. Ndiye (1671) minofu ndi yatchedwa chonchi lingaliro a.

Marie François Ksave Bisha, French anatomist pa ntchito yake ngakhale mwamphamvu kwambiri anakhazikitsa mfundo zimakhala ndi. Species ndi njira mu zimakhala nayenso anaphunzira Alekseem Alekseevichem Zavarzinym (chiphunzitso cha mizere kufanana), Nikolaem Grigorevichem Hlopinym (chiphunzitso cha chitukuko divergent) ndi ena ambiri.

Ndipo apa pali gulu loyamba zimakhala mu mawonekedwe imene ife tikudziwira izo lero, anali woyamba akufuna ndi German microscopists Frantsem Leydigom ndi Kelikerom. Malinga ndi gulu ili, mitundu minofu monga magulu anayi lalikulu zaminyewa (malire), lumikiza (akuthandiza-trophic), minofu (chidule) ndi mitsempha (okonda).

Histological tione mankhwala

Lero, histology ngati sayansi kuti amaphunzira zimakhala ndi zothandiza kwambiri matenda a boma la ziwalo ndi kuika mankhwala zina.

Munthu akapezeka ndi kukayikirana cha kukhalapo kwa chotupa chotupa m'thupi, mmodzi wa oyamba histological Kupenda zakonzedwa. Izi zoona, kuphunzira chitsanzo minofu kwa wodwalayo, akamagwira biopsy, puncture, curettage, kudzera opaleshoni (excisional biopsy) kapena njira zina.

Chifukwa histological sayansi Kupenda kuti amaphunzira kapangidwe ka zimakhala, kumathandiza perekani mankhwalawa zoyenerera. Mu chithunzi pamwamba inu mukhoza kuona chitsanzo cha tracheal minofu papezeka hematoxylin ndi eosin.

Chotero kusanthula ndi ikuchitika ngati n'koyenera:

• kutsimikiza kapena kutsutsa matenda anaperekedwa kale;
• kukhazikitsa matenda molondola pamene pali maganizo;
• kudziwa kupezeka ndi khansa langoyamba;
• kusunga mphamvu ya kusintha matenda oopsa ncholinga kuteteza iwo;
• litsatira masiyanidwe diagnostics njira kunachitika ziwalo;
• kudziwa kupezeka ndi khansa ndi mbali yake ya kukula;
• Khadili kusintha kupitirirabe mu zimakhala ndi mankhwala kale zinalembedwa.

zitsanzo minofu anali kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane microscopically chikhalidwe kapena inapita patsogolo chikhalidwe. Njira mwambo kuti yayitali, ntchito pafupipafupi. Iwo amagwiritsa paraffin.

Koma njira inapita limachititsa kupeza zotsatira mu ola. Njira ntchito pamene pali Akufunika kuti pankhani kuchotsa kapena posungira thupi la wodwalayo.

The zotsatira za kuwunika histological kawirikawiri zolondola kwambiri chifukwa iwo kupereka mwayi kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane maselo a zimakhala pamaso pa matenda, mmene kuwononga thupi ndi mankhwala ake.

Choncho, sayansi kuti amaphunzira minofu, amapereka mwayi osati kufufuza pansi pa maso kapangidwe ka thupi, ziwalo, zimakhala ndi maselo a zamoyo, komanso viii matenda ndi mankhwala a matenda aakulu ndi njira pathological mu thupi.