Akuthamanga kufufuma

Mitundu ya kufufuma zimadalira zimene chimayambitsa gulu lawo.

Pamene i ali zimayambitsa osakhala a kufufuma ndi mitundu zotsatirazi kuti:

- ndalama kupanga;

- akumufuna.

Imodzi mwa muyezo angakhale mlingo pa zimene adzauka mitengo pa msika zoweta. Pankhaniyi zimatulutsa:

1) hyperinflation;

2) zokwawa;

3) Anayamba Maulendo Ataliatali.

1. Ngati mitengo adzauka ndi maperesenti oposa 100, kunena za hyperinflation. Izo zikhoza kuchitika mu dziko lililonse pa kusintha kwakukulu dongosolo la zachuma. Ichi ndi chinthu chosakhalitsa.

2. Wongolerani kufufuma khalidwe la chuma ndi zapamwamba. Pali ngakhale ankaona chinthu zolimbikitsa, monga chaka chilichonse mtengo kuwuka ndi zosaposa 3-4 peresenti.

3. akuthamanga kufufuma chikuchitika pamene pachaka avareji mtengo kuwuka ndi peresenti 10-15. Nthawi zina analola kukula ndi peresenti 100. Ngakhale kuti si chuma tonse tikukhulupirira kufufuma ndi muyeso wa mtundu uwu marginally zotheka. Choncho, Samuelson ankanena kuti ponseponse kufufuma m'chaka akhoza kufika peresenti 200.

Ndi achilendo m'mayiko osauka. Nthawi zina, kudziwa kufufuma mofulumira ntchito liwu lina - "kudumpha". Zikhoza kukhala zimayambitsa osiyana mapangidwe. Malinga kufufuma awo akuthamanga zina ogaŵikana subspecies zitatu:

1) ndalama;

2) kufunika;

3) ndalama.

Iwo angasonyeze ngati pamodzi kupanga dongosolo, kapena payekhapayekha.

Akuthamanga kufunika kufufuma ndi m'munsi, m'mwamba. mapangidwe ake kufooketsedwa ndi zifukwa zingapo. Koma chinthu chachikulu ndicho kuwonjezeka mofulumira mu buku la anthu, anatengedwa mu akaphatikiza lapansi. Ndipo zimachitikadi pansi chikhalidwe cha ntchito chuma onse ndi kupanga zamitundu ena. Limodzi ndi kufufuma ponseponse si thupi koma mwadzina, mwachitsanzo kuwonjezeka mtengo mu mabuku kupanga mu uthunthu wake. Nthawi zina, mwina kwambiri mphamvu. Izi zimachitika ngati boma mitengo gwero adzauka mosavuta ndi mosavuta monga kugwa. Zimenezi ndi zoona makamaka malipiro, chotero mtengo ntchito. Kupanga mabuku kwa nthawi yochepa angathe tikhale olimba ndiponso kwanthawi akuthamanga kufufuma. Chifukwa, msinkhu wawo akali akuchira. Panopa anasonyeza mtundu wa kufufuma angakhoze kokha mu Ulaya, ndipo kokha pa siteji ya kuchira zachuma. Kwa Russia, kumene kuli kusinthasintha ndithu m'mavoliyumu kupanga si lililonse.

Mtundu chachiwiri - ndi akuthamanga kufufuma ndalama. Iwo aumbike mwa zinthu zimenezi, pamene likutuluka mofulumira mitengo chuma ndi pa mlingo chomwecho kugwa mabuku kupanga. Akuthamanga ndalama kufufuma - ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo zikuluzikulu za okwana kufufuma wochokera ku Russia. Izo kumaonekera pa zachuma.

Mtundu wachitatu - ndalama akuthamanga kufufuma. chitukuko ndi motengera depreciation mofulumira unit ndalama za dziko. Mkati muli subspecies awiri awa:

- ndalama akuthamanga kufufuma kuti kumachitika pamene kupanga mabuku ndi wangwiro, ndi zinthu zonse amakhala otanganidwa, mwachitsanzo, panthawi ayambe zachuma. Mbali atsopano a chitukuko cha Russia, si lililonse;

- ndalama akuthamanga kufufuma amenewa amapezeka imodzi ndi kulumpha amapereka kufufuma. Iwo limodzi ndi kuchepa kwambiri pa ulimi.

Russian chuma cha m'ma 20 malemu yodziwika ndi ndendende kufufuma izi. Makamaka kwambiri ndi kuwonetseredwa mu nthawi ya 1993 mpaka 1995. Kenako mu zaka ziwiri, iye anali wachisoni, komabe kwathunthu kugonjetsa.

A udindo waukulu ku matabwa ake amasewera mchitidwe omwe amayamba ndi depreciation ya ndalama ya dziko, ndi amene ali chifukwa kukwera mtengo kwa zinthu.