Field ntchito, ndi katundu wa Tungsten chilinganizo

tungsten ndi chiyani? The katundu chachikulu cha zinthu zochokera peculiarities wa mankhwala akuphatikizapo. Popeza kufunika kwa tungsten, muyenera bwinobwino kumvetsa kapangidwe ake.

Udindo mu Table nthawi ndi nthawi

Poganizira katundu yaikulu ya tungsten, tiyambe ndi choona kuti ali nambala 74th. M'mikhalidwe wabwinobwino, ikuimira kusintha zitsulo ndi mtundu buluu siliva. Tungsten ndi olimba, ali luster zachitsulo. Ichi ndi chinthu kwambiri refractory ndi wamkulu kuposa mfundo limatsogolera cabe mpweya. ² 5p ⁶ 5d ⁴ 6s ² , E _ион (Ме => Ме ⁺ + e) = 7,98 э В. Pakompyuta chilinganizo: KLMN5s ² 5p ^{4 6} 5d 6s ^2, E _ion (Ine => Ine ^{+ +} e) = 7,98 mauthenga V.

Provenance

Dzinali zachilendo zitsulo izi womangidwa kwa wolframite mchere. "Wolf thovu" wakhala kuyambira m'ma 16. dzina lodabwitsa chafotokozedwa ndi kukhalapo kwa mchere mu izo malata ores. Tungsten kupewedwa smelt malata, kumasulira mu thovu ku slags. Kodi thupi katundu wa tungsten anali maziko a ntchito yake lonse makampani? Mu United States zitsulo uyu akutchedwa "katundu mwala".

Mu m'ma 18 Swede Scheele acid ankachitira nitric mchere scheelite analandira, kulandira tungsten trioxide. Patapita nthawi, abale anakwanitsa kufika Eliyar tungsten okusayidi ku wolframite Achisaxon. Ndi akatswiri, ena anali kudziŵika katundu mankhwala tungsten.

Kukhala chikhalidwe

Kodi pali chirichonse mu chikhalidwe cha tungsten koyera? Chemical katundu wa zitsulo zikusonyeza kukhalapo kwake mu kutumphuka kwa gawo lalikulu mu mawonekedwe a mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, osakaniza oxides ya manganese, chitsulo, tungsten. Ntchito mafakitale pawiri amusankha ferberite ndi Gyubnera. Iwo alipo kuwonjezera tungsten, chitsulo ndi manganese. thupi katundu wa zitsulo tungsten ndi kulola kuonetsetsa mchere tungsten. Mu iwo, ndende si upambana awiri pa zana. Pakati pa madipoziti waukulu wa tungsten, tiona China, ndi US, Kazakhstan. Komanso, kuzindikiridwa ndi yokulirapo nkhokwe za zitsulo ores ku Korea South, Bolivia, Russia, Portugal. Labwino katundu wa tungsten kuganiza yokulirapo ake mafakitale kupanga. Dziko linapeza yopanga matani pafupifupi zikwi 50 mchitidwe refractory. The Waogula Zinthu Kunja waukulu wa tungsten imatengedwa Korea South, China, Austria. Pakati pa Ogula zakunja za refractory zitsulo m'dzanja la utsogoleri uli kwa United Kingdom, Japan, USA, Germany.

kupanga Features

Kukonzekera tungsten ikuchitika kudzera sitepe mungafike, kuonetsanso kulekana ndi miyala maganizo tungsten trioxide. Kalatayi imagwiridwa kubwezeretsa zitsulo ufa. Komatu kuchita zimenezi kumachitika pa kutentha madigiri 700 Celsius. Kodi thupi katundu wa tungsten ndi pa mtima wa njira imeneyi? Mkulu limatsogolera kutentha chololera kudzera zitsulo ufa pansi ufa compaction, sintering mu mlengalenga wa hydrogen pa kutentha madigiri za 1300 Celsius. Lotsatira, pambuyo analandira tungsten magetsi inawadutsa wadutsa. Pamene zitsulo usavutike kutentha madigiri 3000 inati zinthu monolithic. Kudzera zone limatsogolera ikuchitika wotsatira kuyeretsedwa ndi yokonza zitsulo osakwatiwa-krustalo.

katundu

ndi makhalidwe a tungsten ndi chiyani? katundu mankhwala zochokera kumwamba limatsogolera kutentha kwake. Amafotokozera ali valence wa ku 2 6. khola kwambiri ndi valency wa tungsten ndi asanu. Zitsulo yodziwika ndi bwino kukana dzimbiri. Zilibe oxidize mu mlengalenga firiji. Mu okusayidi tungsten, likukhalira kokha pamene kutentha kwa anaŵerama woyera. Mu electrochemical mndandanda wa zitsulo zikutsindika yogwira chinthu ili pambuyo wa hydrogen, kotero si sungunuka kuchepetsa hydrofluoric ndi zidulo sulfuric. Tungsten amatha kupasuka hydrogen peroxide, komanso zosakaniza zidulo hydrofluoric ndi nitric.

Pamaso pa oxidants yogwira zitsulo angathe yatikhudza ndi alkalies chosungunula. Choyamba, zimene atuluka m'malo pang'onopang'ono, koma akafika kutentha kwa madigiri 400 zimachitika zokha kutentha zitsulo, amene Iyamba anachita. Tungsten mu chisakanizo cha asidi hydrofluoric ndi nitric mitundu asidi geksaftorvolframovuyu. The pazipita kuchuluka ntchito makampani tungsten trioxide. Mu tungstate ali ndi mphamvu kulenga anion polymeric. zitsulo maziko zipangizo refractory makampani ano.

Minda ya ntchito

Kodi ndingatani ntchito tungsten carbide? Katundu pawiri ntchito pofuna kuwasiyanitsa ndi tungsten koyera. Plasticity ndi zitsulo refractory mwaisandutsa maziko kwa chilengedwe cha filaments mu mindandanda yamasewera ambiri kuyatsa. Komanso, tungsten ntchito machubu chithunzi ndi machubu kuyamwa. Popeza mchitidwe uwu ndi mkulu osalimba, izo zakhala m'munsi kwa kupanga kasakaniza wazitsulo lolemera. Iwo ili yofunika kwambiri kwa chilengedwe cha sikelo, ndi zida kuboola mitima, mkulu-liwiro gyroscopes rotors miyala ballistic. The mabuku lalikulu tungsten ntchito mu argon-Arc kuwotcherera monga elekitirodi ndi. Kasakaniza wazitsulo, imene kapangidwe kake muli tungsten, mkulu kutentha kukana, asidi kukana, iwo ndi kugonjetsedwa ndi tizilombo ta makina. makhalidwe kulola kupiphatisa kupanga zida opaleshoni, akasinja zida, injini ndege, kuti akomere muli zinthu nyukiliya. tungsten kuti ndi yofunika zikuluzikulu kupanga sukulu apamwamba zitsulo.

Ndi ntchito yapamwamba kutentha ng'anjo zingalowe zimabweretsa magetsi. Mu aloyi zake ndi thermocouples rhenium kupereka kwa ng'anjo amenewa.

Pomaliza

Ndi chifukwa mkulu osalimba wa tungsten zitsulo ndi oyenera chitetezo padziko ku ionizing cheza. Kuchuluka kuuma ndi zitsulo refractoriness kulenga zovuta kwambiri processing ake. Kuti athetse mavuto anadzetsa pa faifi tambala, mkuwa ndi chitsulo. Tungsten kukana wakonza otchuka mu kupanga zipangizo yomanga okonza ano.

Ndikofunikira kuti mphero, zisamayoyoke, kutembenuka, kuboola. Mwachitsanzo, Nkhata ndi wapangidwa ndi carbide tungsten. osakaniza umagwiritsidwa ndi kubowola ntchito kulenga mabowo konkire. tungsten sulfide amachita monga lubricant mkulu-kutentha. Anaonetsa mu kupanga. Part tungsten mankhwala ntchito monga inki ndi catalysts. Ntchito pawiri zitsulo ndi monga mchitidwe alloying mu steels ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo zochokera chitsulo. Tizilombo mtengo wa tungsten zitsulo alibe.