Biology - sayansi kuti Maphunziro ... Kodi kuphunzira zamoyo sayansi

Kuyambira pachiyambi penipeni pa moyo wathu nthawi zonse kuona padziko maonekedwe a moyo. Ana kuphunzira kuyenda ndi kuyankhula, anaitana nyama zosiyanasiyana tizilombo, kuonerera kuthengo. Akalamba, mwana aliyense amayamba kuzindikira kuti mozungulira ndi yaikulu ndi olemera kwambiri padziko lonse la zinthu zamoyo. Ndipotu, zomera, nyama ndi tizilombo ndiponso bowa - zamoyo zonse. Kudziŵa dziko lodabwitsa ili, ife kukhala mwanzeru, okhwima ndi kuphunzira kukhala osamala.

Kenako, ana amapita kusukulu, amaphunzira kuti zamoyo - sayansi kuti amaphunzira zinthu zonsezi, moyo wawo, kucheza ndi mzake ndi chilengedwe. Ndipo sayansi akuphunzira zimakhudza anthu ndi zinyama pa wina ndi mzake.

The etymology la mawu akuti "zamoyo"

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mizu ya mawu akuti "zamoyo" amabwerera anthu akale indoevreyskim amene ali mawu "mwendo wa" amatanthauza "kusonkhanitsa", "kunyamula". Kenako, popeza akukonza ndi kuchuluka kusinthika, mawu akuti anapeza kuyandikira ungabva tenepa. Agiriki akale ntchito mawu akuti "BIOS" kutanthauza "moyo" ndi mawu akuti "Logos", likumasuliridwa kuti "chiphunzitso". Zambiri kaphatikizidwe mfundo ziwiri, kupeza pafupifupi tanthawuzo la "zamoyo". Ndi sayansi kuti amaphunzira moyo, ngati ife kulankhula ambiri ndi kungotengeka. Ndipotu, mfundo ndi waukulu kwambiri, ndi sayansi yokha n'zosangalatsa kwambiri.

zamoyo n'chiyani, ndipo iye akuphunzira?

lathuli lonse wapangidwa zipolopolo angapo. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi Biosphere. Nayenso biosphere ndi wapangidwa ndi zotsalira zazomera ndi zotsalira zazomera ukufanizidwa ndi kuchotsedwa zamoyo padziko lapansili, kaya kukula ndi malo okhala. Choncho, ndi zotsalira zazomera ndi chinthu kuphunzira zamoyo. Koma popeza wakufayo kwambiri chiwerengero cha anthu mmene kucheza ndi mzake ndi pa malo ena, pali kufunika mu Chigawo cha zamoyo pa m'madipatimenti a. Ndipo pa nthawi, iwo mwakula mu sayansi lonse palokha.

Kodi sayansi akuphunzira zamoyo? Yesetsani kumvetsa. Zina zazikulu, ndipo iwo onse ndi miyoyo ya anthu ndi tanthauzo lalikulu. Biology chimakwirira mbali zonse za moyo wa zamoyo, onse kunja ndi mkati. Choncho, sayansi, sapota-kuchokera izo mochuluka kwambiri.

zamoyo

Ndi kuphunzira njira yofunika kwambiri mapuloteni kaphatikizidwe, njira yosungirako ndi kufala kwa uthengawu ku maselo, malamulowo majini ndi matabwa ake. Zinthu kuphunzira zamoyo ndi zonse zamoyo, zimene zimasunga mapuloteni, asidi mkati (DNA ndi RNA). madongosolo otero monga prokaryotes, eukaryotes ndi mavairasi.

The zikuchitika wa zamoyo pa mlingo wa chitukuko mwakayakaya. Ife alandira kale zambiri zokhudza kapangidwe ka zedi, katundu ndi ntchito zawo zotsalira zazomera. Wolembedwa njira ya galamafoniyo ndi translation, kugawanika kwa mamolekyulu DNA wolembedwa malamulo chibadwa. Koma mu zamoyo uno wamakono maselo sanali kuganiza kuti asiye. Ndipotu, monga kunapezeka, zosiyanasiyana zomanga thupi kwambiri kotero kuti zidzakhala zokwanira kusanthula mokwanira ndi phunziro zasayansi kwazaka zambiri patsogolo.

tizilombo tosaoneka ndi maso

Iye wakhala kuphunzira zazing'ono machitidwe wamoyo, osati kuoneka maliseche diso (tizilombo toyambitsa matenda,, microfungi, microalgae, archaea). Ndiyamika zomwe ndi ntchito masikolala ambiri sayansi anatha mwatsatane zotsogola.

Lero, malo bakiteriya mbewu wapadera wa atolankhani olimba michere si chinachake wapadera. Pezani chikhalidwe choyera cha mabakiteriya - kotero mwayi kwa eni. Mwachibadwa, kwambiri kuti mankhwala ndi pharmaceutics. Izi ndi mwayi kupeza njira ndiyotani pakuchotsa tizilombo zoipa.

N'chifukwa chake mankhwala kafukufuku microbiological ndi wotchuka mu:

• mankhwala;
• zaulimi;
• processing chakudya;
• mafuta ndi gasi processing;
• zitsulo makampani.

umisiri

Young sayansi kuti wafunsira ngakhale achinyamata ndi kupata - majini ndi zomangamanga selo. Studies ndi akufotokozera woyera njira kulima mbewu, komanso chilengedwe cha umisiri mu viva ndi m'galasi, kulola kugwiritsa ntchito bakiteriya monga zothandiza mphamvu anthu, chakudya, othandizira malimidwe, mafakitale ena.

sayansi kumagwirizana ndi tizilombo tosaoneka ndi maso, ali zayamba ofanana. Choncho, zotsatira za umisiri - izi ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri kuganizira pamene kubala mankhwala mankhwala osiyanasiyana ulimi. Komanso, umisiri zikupereka yankho mafunso zokhudza kulimbikira kwa zomera tizirombo, mmene chilengedwe.

Gene ndi Cell Engineering, nawonso, komanso bwino kuti kuphunzira zamoyo sayansi. Iwo ali zochokera zamoyo, koma ntchito yawo ndi kale cholinga makamaka zothandiza chotsatira, ndithudi munthu wofunika.

embedding njira m'chipinda majini yachilendo, adanyamula mudziwe kuti akatswiri chisanadze wopita, kutulutsa katundu kofunika apamwamba khalidwe ndi zambiri (mwachitsanzo, ngati zomera chitukuko cha zomangamanga majini amalola kulandira kukolola awiri kapena atatu pa nyengo).

chibadwa

Mbali yaikulu ndi zofunika kwambiri za sayansi zamoyo kuphunzira njira ya cholowa, akamanena za kusintha, cholowa, Pantchito za kufalitsidwa ndi kufala kwa majini makolo ana, komanso chizindikiritso cha masinthidwe chromosomal ndi mavuto awo pa zinthu zamoyo.

Chibadwa chimakwirira zosiyanasiyana zamoyo tizilombo ndi kumalizitsa nyama ndi zomera. Zilibe ntchito kokha mavairasi ndi mabakiteriya komanso zinthu za kafukufuku wa mbali zosiyanasiyana za sayansi.

malo zamoyo

Imayamba ndi 1930s lapansi. A zambiri asayansi mu USA, France, ndi USSR ndi pano Russian ndi kuyika zaka za ntchito mu chitukuko cha zosangalatsa, mwachinsinsi, wamng'ono kwambiri, koma zingamuthandize kwambiri sayansi.

Cholinga chachikulu cha malo zamoyo ndi kukhazikitsa kusiyana uziyenda moyo machitidwe kwachilengedwenso padziko lapansi ndi kwathunthu zosiyana - danga. Choncho, malo zamoyo - sayansi kuti amaphunzira khalidwe la kusintha mkati, Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa ndi kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe wa zamoyo mu zikhalidwe asintha yozungulira - mu mlengalenga.

Zinthu zazikulu zimene kusiyanitsa zikhalidwe za chilengedwe cha padziko lapansi, zotsatirazi:

• ena gaseous sing'anga;
• weightlessness malo;
• mathamangitsidwe;
• zochepa sayenda;
• kugwedera;
• zingalowe;
• cheza;
• kusintha m'munda maginito.

Space zamoyo amafufuza kodi zimenezi zimakhudza zamoyo, amene anakulira dziko lapansi, ndipo ngati earthlings moyo pa maplaneti ena.

Space zamoyo - sayansi zovuta Choncho idzafotokoza zingapo:

1. Space Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa.
2. Ekobiologiya.
3. Ekzofiziologiya.
4. Space mankhwala.

General zamoyo, embryology

Science kuti Maphunziro a misinkhu ya gulu la zamoyo zonse ndipo chiyambi pang'onopang'ono ndi chitukuko cha chamoyo - ichi ndi zamoyo wamba. Mu sayansi izi zikuphatikiza nkhani zotsatirazi:

• zamoyo zinachita chiphunzitso;
• Anthropology;
• paleontology.

General zamoyo - sayansi ya moyo wa zamoyo zonse, mapangidwe ake ndi chitukuko m'kupita kwa zaka mamiliyoni chiyambi anthu, kukhala chitukuko chikhalidwe ndi monga gulu kwachilengedwenso.

Njira yaikulu ya zamoyo ambiri anaphunzira maphunziro kusukulu ya magulu akuluakulu.

Monga mbali ya zamoyo ambiri amaima embryology. Iye wakhala akuphunzira phased-Natal mapangidwe zamoyo. Ndiponso, kuphunzira embryologists asonyeza kufanana ndi umodzi wa anthu onse okhala pa dziko.

Cytology, histology, organology

Cytology (dzina lina - zamoyo ma) - sayansi kuti amaphunzira nyama, zomera, maselo bakiteriya, mavairasi, ndi maselo mafangasi kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya ntchito yofunika aliyense wamoyo maselo, njira ya moyo mwa iwo.

maselo aliyense mu kachitidwe multicellular eukaryotic akuwonjezeka minofu. Ndipo ichi ndi chinthu china kuphunzira gawo yaikulu kwachilengedwenso sayansi - histology. Zomera ndi nyama zimakhala, mapangidwe awo, interchangeability, ndi zinthu zina - chinthu kuphunzira histology.

Kuti zomera zimene zimapanga ziwalo mu minofu nyama. njira imene ndondomeko izi zikuchitika, zimene ndiwo maziko ndi zimene zokhudza thupi, morphological, ndi amuzolengedwa njira limodzi mwa kuphunzira sayansi organology.

Pamodzi, iwo ali mbali ya lonse limodzi. Ogwirizana ndi sayansi. Ndi sayansi kuti amaphunzira zonse. Kukula ndi nkhani za zinthu pansi kuphunzira ndi zodabwitsa chabe.

Zoology, zomera, thunthu

Sukulu zamoyo Inde kumaphatikizapo kuphunzira maziko a sayansi monga zinyama, zomera ndi thunthu. Ndipo ndi chibadwa. Pambuyo zamoyo zonse zochokera zigawo zikuluzikulu.

Zoology amasanthula zosiyanasiyana, kapangidwe ndi khalidwe la nyama, oimira onse a dziko nyama, kuyambira zokhala ndi selo imodzi, kutsiriza ndi nyama.

Katswiri kuphunzira zosiyanasiyana zamoyo zomera, m'madera awo, Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa ndi zizindikiro zakunja komanso kufalitsidwa ndi chiyambi.

Kaswili - sayansi zochokera kuphunzira dongosolo mkati mwa zamoyo zonse, kaya ndi osiyana ndi ufumu makamaka za chirengedwe.

Kuphatikiza Ndime imeneyi ndipo zamoyo. Izi ndi sayansi kuti amaphunzira zinthu zonse zotsalira zazomera lathuli. N'zochititsa chidwi, si choncho?

Choncho, n'zosavuta kunena kuti zosiyanasiyana zodabwitsa kudziwa zimenezi kumatithandiza zamoyo sayansi. Udindo wa sayansi moyo wa munthu masiku ano ndi wamphamvu kwambiri ndipo kwambiri, zikuonekera bwino ndi kukula ndi kuvuta Sciences ake membala.