Biology: mawu amene amatanthauza? Asayansi woyamba akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "zamoyo"?

Biology - mawu onena za dongosolo lonse la sayansi. Iye mu maphunziro ambiri zamoyo, komanso mogwirizana awo chilengedwe. Biology ikufotokoza kwathunthu mbali zonse za moyo wa aliyense chamoyo moyo, kuphatikizapo kusanduka, khalidwe, magwero ake kubalana ndi kukula.

Kodi mawu akuti "zamoyo"? Monga sayansi osiyana, icho anayamba kutuluka mu m'ma XIX. Ndipo amene anayambitsa mawu akuti "zamoyo"? Limeneli muphunzira pa.

Kale kubadwa kwa khalidwe la choyamba kwachilengedwenso

Musanayambe mukudziwa pamene panali mawu akuti "zamoyo" ayenera nkhani zazing'ono za kubadwa mwambo wokha. Akukhulupirira kuti wakale Greece dzina Aristotle woyamba maziko a sayansi ndi kwachilengedwenso - maziko a sayansi monga zinyama ndi zomera. Akatswiriwa anapeza zambiri zakale zakuthupi, amene analembedwa ntchito za Aristotle nyama. Iye oyamba otchulidwa kugwirizana pakati pa mitundu ina ya nyama. Kuti Aristotle anaona kuti ogawika-hoofed onse nyama zimabzikula.

ophunzira ofunika m'munda wa zamoyo Dioscorides ankaona, amene moyo wake mndandanda waukulu wa mankhwala komanso anafotokoza zochita zawo (a dongosolo la zomera mazana asanu).

Wina nzeru zapamwamba wakale Theophrastus, analemba ntchito yaikulu yakuti "Studies zomera." Mmenemo anayamba lingaliro la Aristotle, koma za zomera ndi katundu wawo.

Ages Middle

Amene anayambitsa mawu akuti "zamoyo" ndi liti kuchitika? Kulankhula za adakali molawirira kwambiri, chifukwa atagwa pa Western Roma, luso ambiri, kuphatikizapo mankhwala ndi zamoyo atayika. Aarabu oyambirira Ages Middle kulanda dera lalikulu ndi manja awo ntchito za Aristotle kugwa - pambuyo poti m'Chiarabu.

Mu VIII m'ma bwino yaikulu zimatheka ndi ofufuza Arab m'munda wa zomera ndi thunthu. Mu zinyama pikhabuluka iye anakwaniritsa Arab wolemba - Al Dzhahis yemwe poyamba anena za kusanduka, monga bungwe la chiphunzitso cha unyolo chakudya.

Al Danavari anakhala woyambitsa wa zomera mu dziko Arab. Ngati Aristotle, Al Danavari anafotokoza za mazana asanu mitundu ya zomera, komanso chitukuko ndi kukula kwake kwa aliyense wa iwo.

chopereka amazipanga kwambiri kuti pakhale zamoyo ndi mankhwala makamaka wapanga Arab dokotala Aviatsenna. Iye analemba bukhu wotchuka "The Canon of Medicine", amene anatsalira mu utumiki ndi madokotala Ulaya XVIII atumwi, kuphatikiza. Iwo anapatsa anthu Aviatsenna mankhwala ndipo anafotokoza woyamba kuchipatala kuphunzira kuti zina lalikulu yaikulu kuphunzira thunthu anthu ndi njira za matenda.

Ibn Zuhr kuphunzira chikhalidwe cha matenda, monga mphere, nakhala ntchito opaleshoni, ndipo woyamba zatsopano matenda nyama. Ku Ulaya, kuphunzira mankhwala ndi sayansi monga zomera, zinyama, sichinayambe anawonjezera, makamaka chifukwa mphamvu ya Mpingo wa Katolika.

Kubadwa Kwatsopano ndi chidwi mu mankhwala, zamoyo

Mu Kubadwa Kwatsopano, mawu akuti "zamoyo" iyo inali silidziŵika. Koma malo mpingo chayamba kuchepa kwambiri, ndi asayansi, a iwo Italy, anayamba kuchita chidwi ndi zomera, zinyama, thunthu ndi mankhwala - anayamba kuphunzira ntchito za kanjedza akale sayansi.

Kale m'zaka za m'ma XVI, wasayansi Dutch Vesalius maziko a thunthu ano. Kulemba ntchito zawo, iye kuligaŵa thupi ndi kuphunzira kapangidwe ka ziwalo mkati.

Akatswiri anabwerera kuphunzira wandiweyani zomera, ndiko zomera, popeza anazindikira kuti zitsamba ambiri amphamvu kwambiri mankhwala ndi wothandiza kuchiritsa matenda.

M'zaka za m'ma XVI za nyama ndi moyo wawo wakhala lonse kufufuza malo phunziro la zinyama zonse kudziwika.

No chopereka zosafuni- kuti chitukuko cha zamoyo zopangidwa ndi Leonardo da Vinci, Paracelsus, amene anapitiriza kuphunzira thunthu ndi mankhwala.

Mu wasayansi XVII m'ma Gaspard Bauhin anafotokoza zonse zodziwika nthawi mu Europe, mbewu - mitundu yoposa sikisi sauzande. Ming'oma Harvey wochititsa autopsy nyama, apeza zinthu zingapo zofunika zokhudza makope a.

Mu XVII m'ma anayambitsa latsopano kwachilengedwenso chilango kugwirizana ndi maso Kutulukira. Chifukwa cha anapeza wake, anthu aphunzira zokhudza kuli zamoyo tosaoneka zokhala ndi selo imodzi, imene anachititsa kumveka anthu lapansi. Ndiyeno anayamba kuphunzira ndi umuna anthu.

Amene wasayansi anagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "zamoyo"?

Pa chiyambi cha m'ma XIX khalidwe kwachilengedwenso zinakafika mu sayansi zonse kunachitika, umene wakhala anazindikira ndi asayansi.

Chotero kodi wasayansi adafotokoza ntchito mawu akuti "zamoyo"? Kodi zimenezi zinachitika liti?

Mawu akuti "zamoyo" anali bungwe la anatomist German ndipo physiologist Friedrich Burdach amene apadera mu kuphunzira kwa ubongo wa munthu. Chochitika ichi chinachitika m'chaka cha 1800.

Komanso, tiyenera kunena kuti zamoyo - liwu wotwaliwa asayansi ena awiri, amene sankadziwa za Burdach chiweruzo. Mu 1802, Gottfried Treviranus ndi Jean Baptiste Lamarck kufanana kwa ananena za izo. Tanthawuzo la "zamoyo" zinadziwika kwa asayansi ntchito umenewu.

Biology m'zaka za m'ma XIX

Tsopano inu mukudziwa amene anayambitsa mawu akuti "zamoyo", ndi kulankhula za chitukuko zina. Imodzi mwa ntchito chifungulo cha m'ma XIX anali buku la Charles Darwin "The Origin of Species." Pa nthawi yomweyo, asayansi apeza kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa zinthu zopanda moyo ndi moyo wazolengedwa. Madokotala ndi asayansi anapitiriza kuyetsa pa nyama, chimene chidachipatsa mphamvu yaikulu kumvetsetsa ziwalo mkati.

Biology mu XX atumwi

Pharmacy ndi khalidwe ina wachibadidwe anasintha anapeza Mendeleev - analenga otchedwa nthawi tebulo. Atapeza asayansi nthawi anapeza DNA onyamula mudziwe chibadwa.

Chibadwa anatuluka mwamsanga ndi 1920s. Pa pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo, anayamba kuphunzira mavitamini ndi ntchito yawo. Mu 1960 mochedwa, izo wolembedwa DNA code, zomwe zinachititsa kuti zikamera wa khalidwe kwachilengedwenso monga kukonza majini. Iye panopa chinkhoswe mu phunziro yogwira chibadwa cha anthu ndi nyama, komanso kufunafuna njira kusintha poika chidutswa cha masinthidwe.

Development wa sayansi m'zaka XXI

M'zaka za m'ma XXI, mavuto ambiri amakhalabe osathetsedwa. Imodzi yofunika kwambiri ndi vuto la chiyambi cha moyo padziko lapansi. Komanso, ofufuza sizinawakhudze kuuzidwa pa funso mmene panali triplet code.

akatswiri wokangalika ndi geneticists ntchito pa nkhani ya ukalamba. Asayansi pofuna kumvetsa chifukwa zamoyo zaka, ndi chimene chimayambitsa kukalamba. vuto limeneli limatchedwa chimodzi chovuta kwambiri kwa anthu, yankho limene nthawizonse kusintha dziko.

No layamba ofufuza, makamaka zomera, ntchito pa vuto za chiyambi cha moyo pa maplaneti ena. Maphunziro amenewa adzakhala kumathandiza chachikulu pa zokambiranazi a m'mlengalenga ndi maiko ena.

mfundo ya Biology

Okwana, pali mfundo zisanu ofunika. Iwo akugwirizana mwamtheradi amalanga amalandira mu sayansi mmodzi wa zamoyo, dzina - zamoyo. Mawu akuti zikuphatikizapo mfundo zotsatirazi:

• Evolution - masoka njira ya chitukuko cha aliyense chamoyo yamoyo, imene kusintha malamulo chibadwa cha chamoyo.
• Mphamvu - lingaliro singasiyanitsidwe chilichonse chamoyo moyo. Mwachidule, otaya mphamvu yekha okhazikika, zipangitsa apulumuke wa chamoyo.
• chiphunzitso Cell (cell - unit zoyambirira za munthu wamoyo). maselo onse a m'thupi ochokera kwa dzira limodzi. kubalana awo ndi chifukwa kugawikana kwa khungu limodzi mu awiri.
• chiphunzitso jini (a mbali yaing'ono ya DNA, amene ali ndi udindo yosungiramo ndi kufala kwa uthengawu ku maselo ku mbadwo wina kufika wotsatira).
• Homeostasis - njira wodzilamulira lamulo la thupi ndi kubwezeretsa bwino mfundo.

amalanga kwachilengedwenso

Panopa Biology - liwu womwenso nkhani zingapo omwe ali apadera, koma amanena za onse mfundo tatchulazi sayansi imeneyi.

Pakati pa nkhani wotchuka kwambiri ndi:

• Kaswili - mwambo amaphunzira kapangidwe ka zamoyo multicellular, kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya ziwalo.
• Zomera - mwambo kuti amachita naye phunziro la zomera mwangwiro monga zamoyo multicellular ndi unicellular.
• Virology - mbali yofunika ya Microbiology, amene wakhala kuphunzira komanso kupewa oopsa kwa anthu komanso tizilombo nyama. Pa nthawi, virology - chida kulimbana mavairasi, choncho kupulumutsa anthu ambirimbiri.
• Chibadwa ndi kukonza majini - sayansi kuti amaphunzira malamulo cha chibadwa ndi kusintha kwa zinthu. The amachita masika ndi mpheto za chibadwa, zomwe zimathandiza kuti kusintha zinthu, ndipo ngakhale kulenga atsopano.
• Zoology - sayansi kuti amachita ndi kuphunzira, nyama kapena zambiri chabe, zomera.
• Ubale - sayansi kuti amaphunzira mogwirizana kwa aliyense chamoyo amoyo ndi zamoyo zina, komanso mogwirizana awo ndi dziko.

Tsopano inu mukudziwa chimene wasayansi anayambitsa mawu akuti "zamoyo", njira ya chitukuko cha sayansi wadutsa. Tikukhulupirira mudziwe anali abwino.