Mpingo wa St. Petersburg. Mpingo wa Smolenskaya, St. Petersburg

Chikhalidwe chofunikira ndi chokakamizika cha chipembedzo chirichonse pakuleredwa kwa munthu nthawizonse chimaonedwa kukhala chitukuko cha uzimu ndi chisomo. Orthodoxy, Lutheranism, Buddhism ndi zina zambiri, mwachidziwitso, kulimbikitsa mzimu ndi kukondweretsa maso, kutsogolera anthu osati ndi maulaliki komanso mapemphero, koma ndi mawonekedwe omwe amapanga makina a St. Petersburg - osiyana, odabwitsa komanso odabwitsa.

Chigawo chachikulu cha cholowa cha zomangamanga

Makatu, makedwe ndi mipingo ya St. Petersburg - zosonkhanitsa zosangalatsa za ojambula osiyanasiyana osiyana siyana. Pogwiritsa ntchito makina apamwamba a Northern Capital, nyumba zachipembedzo zili ndi mbiri yabwino komanso chikhalidwe, zozizwitsa zodabwitsa zokhala ndi luso lodabwitsa lolimbikitsa, kutonthoza ndi kulimbikitsa chidaliro m'tsogolo. Pokhala malo achikhalidwe ndi maulendo okaona alendo, mipingo ya St. Petersburg imakhala ndi malo apadera kwambiri mumzindawu. Ndani adakanthidwa ndi ukulu wa Isaki, kupsinjika kwa Smolny, chojambula chodabwitsa cha zithunzi za Kazan Cathedral? Kodi n'zotheka kukhalabe osayanjanitsika, ndikuganizira zojambula zochititsa chidwi za makoma a matchalitchi a Orthodox - mboni za m'mbuyomu ndi zochepa, kupambana kwakukulu ndi kugonjetsedwa koopsa?

Mpingo wa Chesme

Kugonjetsa kwa sitima za ku Turkey ku nkhondo ya Chesma mu 1770 kunaperekedwa kumanga kachisi wokongola, wotchedwa Chesmensky. Anakhazikitsidwa m'njira yochititsa chidwi yojambula-Gothic, Church Chesme, yosangalatsa kwambiri, yokongola ndi yachilendo, nsanja pafupi ndi Moscow Avenue. Kumangidwa kosayembekezereka kwa mitundu ya pinki ndi yoyera ndi nsonga zapadera za nsanja ndizitali zazitali mawindo zinali chizindikiro cha kupambana kwakukulu kwa zida za ku Russia, chofunikira kwambiri chiyambireni kugonjetsedwa kwa Peter Wamkulu.

Mbiri ya kachisi

Polemekeza kupambana kwa nyanjayi, ndondomeko ya siliva ndi chiwonetsero chakumapeto kwa nkhondo ya Russian flotilla ya sitima za Turkey inakhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo lapamwamba kwambiri. Malo ambiri osaiwalidwa amapangidwa, ogwirizana ndi dzina logonjetsa "Chesme": mabelisk a Gatchina, pamphepete mwa miyala ya Ekaterininsky ya Tsarskoye Selo Park, nyumba ya Peterhof Palace. Koma Tchalitchi cha Chesme ku St. Petersburg ndi chombo chaulemerero chogonjetsa mkonziyu dzina lake Yu M. M. Felten - wolemba Hermitage ndi mpanda wokongola wa Summer Garden. Kachisi anali atayikidwa moyang'anizana ndi Nyumba ya Kikeriksen, yomwe inadzatchedwanso Chesmensky Palace, mu 1777, ndipo adayeretsedwa pa zaka 10 za chigonjetso - mu 1780. Nyumba yokongola kwambiri yochokera ku nyumba yachifumu ndi kachisiyo inatcha dzina la malo oyandikana nawo, idatchedwanso Chesma. Olamulira onse a ku Russia ankalemekeza malowa ndipo adakonda malowa: Catherine Great anabwera ku Chesma Church kawiri pachaka, akubwera Maslenitsa ndi zikondwerero za kachisi, Nicholas I mwa lamulo lake adakhazikitsa almshouse kuti asamenyane ndi Napoleon ku nyumba yachifumu, motero anapatsa nyumbayi ndi kachisiyo moyo watsopano, Mapiko atsopano ndi matchalitchi atatu. Komiti ya Alexandrovsky ya ovulalayo inagwira ntchito ngati woyang'anira nyumba yosungirako ndalama, ndipo Grand Dukes anali matrasti. Caka ca Catherine II ndi phwando lokondweretsa alendo ndi alendo omwe anaitanidwa anakhala oyamba mpaka ku October Revolution, pamene nyumba ya almshouse inatsekedwa, kuyika kampando wozunzirako anthu "Chesmenka" ku Chesme Palace ndikugwiritsira ntchito nyumba ya tchalitchi monga nyumba yosungira katundu.

M'zaka za 1970, kumanga tchalitchi, kubwezeretsa nkhondo itatha, kunakhazikitsa nthambi ya Central Naval Museum "Kugonjetsa Kwachinyengo".

Moyo wachiwiri wa kachisi unayamba ndi kusamutsidwa kwa chipatala cha St. Petersburg mu 1990 ndi utumiki woyamba wopempherera, wokondwerera tsiku lomaliza la chaka, kunja kwa tchalitchi. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, iconostasis inabwezeretsedwanso molingana ndi chiyambi choyambirira, ndipo kuyeretsedwa kwa kachisi kunachitika.

Mpingo wa Smolensk Mfundo ya Mayi wa Mulungu

Chilengedwe cha tchalitchichi chinayamba ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa manda a Smolensk pachilumba cha Vasilievsky pafupi ndi Black River (Smolenka) mu 1738. Mpingo wa matabwa, womwe unamangidwa mu 1758, unamangidwa ndikupatulidwa kufikira 1760. Manda onse pamodzi ndi tchalitchi ndi omwe amakhala ndi malo ogwira ntchito a ogwira ntchito a Smolensk omwe adabwera kumanga mudziwo. Kotero mpingo woyamba wa Smolensk unadzuka. St. Petersburg, akukula ndi akukula, anawona kufunika kokamanga nyumba zamwala, ndipo kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, tchalitchi cha miyala chinamangidwa ndi mapangidwe a mkonzi A. Ivanov mu miyambo yabwino ya kalembera ya Russian ndi belu labwino kwambiri la bell.

Mpingo wouzikitsidwa uli wosiyana kwambiri ndi dzina la Woyera Blessed Xenia wa Petersburg, yemwe, atadabwa kwambiri ndi imfa ya mwamuna wake wokondedwa, adagawira katundu yense ndikuyendayenda mumzindawu, kuthandiza anthu ammudzi akudikirira thandizo lake, ndikugwira ntchito usiku usiku pomanga kachisi, kukweza njerwa kumanga. Woyela amalemekezedwa kwambiri ku Russia kuti chapemphero cha Xenia wa St. Petersburg, pafupi ndi tchalitchi cha Smolensk, ndi malo apadera olambirira ndi oyendayenda okhulupirira.

Mpingo wa Smolensk ndi kachisi wodziwika bwino wa ku Russia

Kachisi anamangidwa mu 1792. Kwa zaka zambiri, tchalitchi cha Smolensk, monga matchalitchi ambiri ku St. Petersburg, chinakonzedwa mobwerezabwereza, chokongoletsedwa ndi kupindulika. Kotero, mu 1809 mbali ya kumpoto ya chapelinayi inamangidwa ku nyumbayi, mu 1833 - chapemphero la Ilyinsky, mu 1892 - chapemphero la John Baptisti, pamodzi ndi aikidwa ndi iconostasis, omwe adaphedwa ndi M. Vasiliev mu miyambo yabwino ya Byzantine. Zipindazi zinali zokongoletsedwa ndi makoma a kachisi. Laibulale inatsegulidwa.

Nthawi ndi Mabolshevik omwe anabwera ku ulamuliro sanawononge kachisi. Izo sizinagwire ntchito kwa zaka 6 zokha - kuyambira 1940 mpaka 1946. Kuchokera mu 1947, misonkhano yopembedza mu mpingo sinathe. M'chaka chachisangalalo cha chaka cha 200 cha tchalitchi, mbali ya kum'mwera ya chapeli idakhazikitsidwa ndikuyeretsedwa m'dzina la Blessed Xenia wa St. Petersburg.

Mpingo wa Lutheran

Mzinda wa kumpoto, monga mizinda yambiri ya dziko lapansi, ndiwopanda demokarasi, ndipo pamodzi ndi mipingo ya Orthodox imakongoletsedwa ndi nyumba zachipembedzo za zipembedzo zina. Tchalitchi cha Lutheran ku St. Petersburg chinawuka kale kwambiri. Chipembedzo ichi, ngakhale kuti sichinalimbikidwe ndi Peter Wamkulu, koma kusintha dziko, adadalira Achilutera, kotero panthawi ya ulamuliro wake, anthu oposa 20,000 a chikhulupiriro cha Lutheran anabwera m'dzikoli, ndipo amatchedwa "kirche" kumbali. Mpingo woyamba wa Lutheran wa St. Peter unayamba kumanga mu 1728. Inagwira ntchito kwa zaka 100, pambuyo pake nyumba yomanga kachisi inamangidwa mwambo wa tchalitchi cha Roma, yomwe inamangidwa ndi katswiri wa zomangamanga A. Bryullov, mchimwene wa wojambula bwino kwambiri, amene adakongoletsa guwa la nsembe ndi "kupachikidwa" pa mtanda. Mabelu okongola komanso odabwitsa a Westphalian anaikidwa. Mpaka pa Revolution ya Oktoba, nyumbayi inamangidwanso ndikukhala bwino. Zomangidwe za nyumbayi si zachilendo - zolemetsa zolemera zimachotsedwa ndi nsanja zazikulu zitatu zogwiritsa ntchito pakhomo, ndikupatsanso mngeloyo kuti aziwoneka bwino. Zithunzi zozama za alaliki ndi ziwerengero za mtumwi Petro ndi Paulo pazitsulo zazing'ono musanalowe m'kachisi zimaliza chithunzichi.

Chodabwitsa n'chakuti kachisiyu anali kugwira ntchito mpaka 1938. Atatha kutseka, tchalitchi chinakhala chipinda chosungirako, ndipo mu 1956 chinasandulika dziwe losambira, mosakayikira, likupweteka kwambiri. Pamene chigawo cha demokarasi chinayambika mu 1992, kumanga tchalitchi kunasamutsidwa ku Germany ndipo lero ndi tchalitchi chachikulu cha tchalitchi cha Evangelical Lutheran Church ku Russia.

Kachisi ndi mipingo ya St. Petersburg ndi zodabwitsa, zosiyana ndi zosangalatsa. Mapu a mzindawo adzayendera nyumba iliyonse yapadera.