Nkhani - ndichiyani? magwero Nkhani ndi luso

Akuyendera kufotokoza zodabwitsazi monga narrativity mu masiku ano zaumunthu, komanso kudziwa makhalidwe ake ndiponso dongosolo, ndi woyamba zofunika chimatanthauza kwambiri akuti "Nkhani".

Nkhani - ndichiyani?

Pali ziphunzitso zambiri za chiyambi cha mawu akuti, kapena kani, magwero ochepa kumene izo zikanakhoza kutuluka. Malinga ndi mmodzi wa iwo, dzina "Nkhani" limachokera ku mawu ndi gnarus narrare, amene anawamasulira kuchokera ku Latin kumatanthauza "kudziwa za chinachake" ndi "katswiri". Mu English, palinso ofanana tanthauzo ndi phokoso la mawu Nkhani - «nkhani», amene si zosakwana kwathunthu amasonyeza akamanena za mfundo Nkhani. magwero lero Nkhani angapezeke mu pafupifupi onse sayansi minda: kuwerenga maganizo, Chaanthu, philology, nzeru ndiponso maganizo. Koma phunziro mfundo monga narrativity, ofotokozera, Nkhani luso, ndi zina pali osiyana palokha malangizo - narratology. Choncho, m'pofunika kumvetsa nkhani palokha - ndichiyani nanga ntchito zake?

Gwero etymological adafotokoza pamwamba, kunyamula tanthauzo limodzi - lipoti kudziwa nkhani. Kutanthauza kuti mwachidule, nkhani - ndi mtundu wa nkhani chilichonse. Koma sizikusokonezani lingaliro ili ndi nkhani yosavuta. Mu nkhani ya nkhani ndi makhalidwe munthu ndi zinthu zomwe zinachititsa kuti zikamera wa wodziimira yaitali.

Nkhani ndi nkhani

Kodi osiyana ndi mafotokozedwe yosavuta nkhaniyo? Nkhani - ndi njira kulankhulana, njira yodalirika ndi kupatsira leni (Mkhalidwe) mudziwe. Nkhani - otchedwa "zofotokoza nkhani", ntchito terminology wa American nzeru zapamwamba ndi luso wotsutsa Arthur Danto (Danto, A. Analytical nzeru za mbiri M: Lingaliro Press, 2002. P. 194.). Kuti ali Nkhani - izo ziri, kani, osati ndi cholinga ndi zotengera malingaliridwe Nkhani. Nkhani kumachitika pamene nkhani wamba anawonjezera munthuyo zotengera malingaliridwe ndi kufufuza owerenga-owerenga. Pali kufunika chabe popereka mauthenga kwa omvetsera, koma kuti tisangalatse, kuti chidwi, kumvetsera kupangitsa zochita zina. M'mawu ena, mosiyana wamba Nkhani nkhani kapena Nkhani, potchula munthu - mu kukopa munthu mawunikidwe narratorskih ndi maganizo a wina narrating. Kapena, mu umboni wa causality ndi kukhalapo kwa unyolo mfundo pakati zotchulidwa, ngati tikulankhula za cholinga malemba kapena zochitika sayansi.

Nkhani: chitsanzo

Pofuna definitively kukhazikitsa akamanena za nthano Nkhani, m'pofunika kuona mchitidwe - m'lembali. Choncho, nkhani - ndichiyani? Chitsanzo yofotokoza kusiyana pakati pa Nkhani ya nkhaniyo, mu nkhani iyi, akhoza kupanga kufanizitsa kwa ndime zotsatirazi: "Dzulo ine ndinali nditawanyika mapazi. Today Ine sanapite ntchito "ndi" Dzulo, ine ndinali nditawanyika mapazi ake, kotero lero anadwala sanapite kuntchito. " Zomwe zili amenewa ali pafupifupi ofanana. Komabe, chinthu chimodzi chokha amasintha akamanena za nkhani - Pofuna yolumikizana ndi zochitika ziwiri. Choyamba chimake mawu ufulu wa maganizo zotengera malingaliridwe ndi mabwenzi causal, mu nkhani yachiwiri iwo alipo ndipo ndi kofunika kwambiri. Mu Baibulo choyambirira sanatchule chifukwa ngwazi-owerenga sanabwere ku ofesi, mwina inali tsiku, kapena iye ankasangalala zoipa, koma pachifukwa chosiyana. Komabe, Yachiwiri kale akuganizira mtima zotengera malingaliridwe kuti aika owerenga ena, amene ndi tiganizira awo ndipo anakopa chondichitikira anakhala kupenda mfundo ndi kukhazikitsa kugwirizana causal akayamba retelling awo uthenga. Psychological, "anthu" Chinthu kungathandizire kusintha tanthauzo la nkhani, ngati nkhani amapereka nkhani pang'ono.

Nkhani malemba sayansi

Komabe, osati contextual zambiri, komanso luso lanu la perceiver (narratatora) amakhudza mayamwidwe mfundo m'maganizo, kumayambiriro ziwerengero ndiponso mtima. Kuchokera pa ichi, Kudziwa za nkhani yafupika, ndipo wina amaganiza kuti Nkhani silili malemba komanso Mwachitsanzo, iwo akusowa malipoti zili sayansi. Komabe, zimenezi si zoona. Akanayesetsa wamkulu kapena wamng'ono mbali Nkhani, mungapeze mu alankhulane, chifukwa mawuwo alipo osati wolemba ndi owerenga, amene kwenikweni kungakhale zisudzo zosiyanasiyana, komanso wowerenga kapena kumvetsera kuti maganizo osiyana ndi kumasulira nkhani ya. Choyamba, ndithudi, inakwaniritsidwa m'mabuku. Komabe, pali malipoti mu nkhani za sayansi. Iwo alipo ambiri mbiri, chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe zizichitika, ndipo si chinyezimiro cha cholinga chenicheni, ndipo kunadetsa zinthu monga chizindikiro cha multidimensionality awo. Koma akhoza kusokoneza mapangidwe ubale wa causal pakati pa zochitika mbiri yakale kwambiri kapena mfundo ina.

Popeza izi zosiyanasiyana nkhani ndi lambiri, pamaso pawo mu malemba amanena osiyana, sayansi sizikanatha kunyalanyaza chodabwitsa Nkhani ndi kumvetsa phunziro. Pakali pano, chidwi zosiyanasiyana za sayansi ammudzi mu njira yodziwira dziko, monga mafotokozedwe. Iwo ali mmenemo ziyembekezo za chitukuko, monga nkhani limakupatsani bungwe, bungwe, popereka mauthenga, komanso osiyana Boma zothandiza anthu kufufuza umunthu.

Nkhani ndi Nkhani

Kuyambira onse pamwamba ndizoonekeratu kuti kapangidwe Nkhani ndi osokoneza, ndipamene wosakhazikika, kulibe aliyense zitsanzo, mu mfundo ndipo malingana ndi nkhani za nkhaniyi, ali odzazidwa ndi okhutira payekha. Choncho, nkhani kapena nkhani, zomwe zili ngati nkhani makamaka - mbali yofunika ya kukhalako kwake.

Ngati tikulingalira mawu wodziika, nkhani - ndi, mfundo, ntchito zinenero ndondomeko yake. Komabe, mu chiphunzitso ichi, mawu akuti "nkhani" amagwiritsidwa ntchito ponena kuti nkhani yeniyeni yofunika kupangira malemba, kodi uwu kapena kuti malo Nkhani kukhalapo.

Malinga ndi mfundo postmodern la Nkhani - zenizeni discursive kuti ndi kuulula. French kalembedwe theorist ndi postmodernist Jean-Fransua Liotar otchedwa ofotokozera za mtundu wina zotheka nkhani. maganizo ake, iye anafotokoza m'buku lakuti "State wa Art Nouveau" (Liotar Zhan-François Momwe postmodern St. Petersburg: Aletheia, 1998. - 160 tsa ...). Zamaganizo ndi afilosofi Jens Brokmeyer ndi Rom Harre anafotokoza nkhani ngati "subspecies nkhani", ndi lingaliro lawo akhoza kupezeka mu kafukufuku (Brokmeyer Jens, Harre Rom Nkhani: .. Mavuto amalonjeza mawonedwe wina zina // Mavuto a Philosophy - 2000. - № 3 - P. 29-42) .. Motero, n'zoonekeratu kuti ndi kulemekeza zinenero zolembalemba lingaliro "Nkhani" ndi "nkhani" limodzi kwa wina ndi mzake ndi zayamba ikufanana.

Nkhani mu Philology

Great chidwi Nkhani ndi Nkhani njira kunapatsidwa kwa Philology: zilankhulo, maphunziro zolembalemba. Mu zilankhulo, mawu, monga tanenera kale pamwambapa, anaphunzira molumikizana ndi mawu akuti "nkhani". Mu maphunziro zolembalemba, amanena kwambiri mfundo postmodern. Asayansi Brokmeyer J. ndi R. Harre mu buku lake "ofotokoza: Mavuto amalonjeza mawonedwe wina zina 'anapereka kumvetsa ngati njira bungwe chidziwitso ndi kupereka kutanthauza kuti zinachitikira. Iwo amaona kuti nkhani - ndi malangizo kukafola nkhani. Ndiko kuti, akonzedwa a zinenero yeniyeni, maganizo, nyumba chikhalidwe, podziwa kuti mungathe nkhani zosangalatsa, zomwe bwino adzamasulira maganizo ndi uthenga owerenga.

Nkhani mabuku n'kofunika kuti m'mabuku. Chifukwa apa azindikira yokha unyolo zovuta kutanthauzira, kuyambira maganizo a wolemba kutsiriza ndi maganizo a owerenga / womvera. Kupanga malemba, wolemba amaika mu izo mfundo zina zomwe, pambuyo kudutsa njira yaitali lemba ndi kufika wowerenga angathe kwathunthu kusintha kapena mwinamwake amvetsa. Kuti bwino decode cholinga cha wolemba, m'pofunika kuganizira pamaso pa anthu ena, wolemba ndi woyambitsa-owerenga, amene mwa iwo okha ali osiyana ndi narratatorami owerenga, kuti akuuza, ndi kuzindikira. Maganizo amakhala zovuta ngati lemba ali ndi khalidwe kwambiri, chifukwa sewero ndi imodzi mwa mitundu ya mabuku. Ndiye kutanthauzira molakwika kwambiri ndi kudutsa ulaliki wa wosewera ake, amene kumathandiza kuti nkhani makhalidwe akumvera ndiponso maganizo.

Komabe, ambiguity ichi, mwayi kudzaza uthenga matanthauzo osiyana, kusiya wowerenga kuganiza za nthaka ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri ya mabuku.

Nkhani njira mu kuwerenga kwa maganizo ndi maganizo

Mawu akuti "Nkhani zamaganizo 'wa zamaganizo American, wasayansi chidziwitso ndi mphunzitsi Jerome Bruner. zamaganizo wake ndi azamalamulo Theodore Sarbina angayenerere kuonedwa osnovopolzhnikami la nchito za anthu.

Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha moyo J. Bruner ndi -. Kodi mndandanda wa nkhani ndi maganizo zotengera malingaliridwe a nkhani zina, cholinga cha nkhani - kugonjera dziko. T. Sarbin ndi za maganizo m'nkhani ya kuphatikiza mfundo ndi zopeka kuti chimatanthauza zinachitikira munthu.

Akamanena za njira nkhani Psychology - kuzindikira wa munthu ndi mtima pansi wake mavuto ndi mantha mwa kusanthula nkhani yake za iwo ndi miyoyo yawo. Nkhani sangakhoze anapambulwa pa anthu ndi nkhani za chikhalidwe, chifukwa mwa iwo ndipo iwo anapanga. Nkhani kuwerenga maganizo a umunthu ali awiri tanthauzo zothandiza: choyamba, opereka mwayi kwa kudzilungamitsa adzadziwire ndi kudzikonda kuzindikira kudutsa mu chilengedwe, kumvetsa matchulidwe ndi nkhani zosiyanasiyana, ndipo kachiwiri, ndi njira wodzilamulira ulaliki, chifukwa nkhani za iyemwini.

Misala amagwiritsidwanso ntchito njira Nkhani. Iwo anayamba kupanga ndi zamaganizo Australia Michael White ndi David Epstonom New Zealand yamaganizo. Kwenikweni ake ndi kulenga padziko kupezeka (kasitomala) zochitika zina, pansi chilengedwe cha mbiri yake, ndi nkhani ya anthu ena ndi ntchito zochitika zina. Ndipo ngati zamaganizo Nkhani imatengedwa kwambiri ongolankhula nthambi, misala njira Nkhani waonetsa ntchito zimene mukuphunzirazo.

Choncho, n'zoonekeratu kuti nkhani lingaliro wakhala bwinobwino ntchito pafupifupi m'mbali zonse za kuphunzira umunthu.

Nkhani ndale

Iwo ali kumvetsa yakeyake Nkhani ndi nthano ndale. Komabe, mawu akuti "Nkhani ndale 'amatanthauza apamtima zoipa osati zabwino. Zokambirana narrativity kuwamva monga chinyengo mwadala, wobisa zolinga woona. Nkhani nkhani kumafuna obisika dala mfundo zina ndi zolinga oona mmalo kwa nkhani yolembedwa ndi ntchito euphemisms kuti lemba la euphony ndi kupewa limatchula. Monga tanena kusiyana kwa nkhani mwachizolowezi wa nkhaniyi ndi mtima wofuna kumvera kuganiza kuti ndi khalidwe la mawu a andale amene anakhalako.

Amagwiritsa Nkhani

Koma zowonera mwa nkhani, ndi funso m'malo zovuta. Malinga ndi akatswiri ena, monga theorist ndipo ankachita Nkhani zamaganizo J. Bruner, ndi zithunzi Nkhani -. Si atavala mtundu lemba zenizeni, ndondomeko ndi analamula mkati owerenga ndi. ndondomeko imeneyi, iye mwanjira inayake kupanga ndi kukhazikitsa mfundo. Ndithudi, osati "khalidwe chingwe" zinenero chipolopolo mitundu nkhani ndi ndondomeko ya ulaliki ndi lemba nawatsimikizira zolondola. Motero, mungathe kuona m'maganizo mwanu Nkhani akayamba iye akuuza pakamwa kapena kulemba mu mawonekedwe a meseji ndondomeko.

Nkhani mu historiography

Komatu Nkhani - ndi chimene anayambitsa mapangidwe ndi kuphunzira nkhani ya m'madera ena nzeru za anthu. Mawu akuti "Nkhani" anaitenga ku historiography, kumene kunali lingaliro la "mbiri Nkhani". Tanthauzo anali kufufuza zochitika m'mbiri osati mu ndondomeko yawo zomveka, ndi kuunika kwa nkhani ndi kutanthauzira. Kutanthauzira ndi chinsinsi chofunikira kwambiri cha Nkhani ndi ofotokozera.

Zofotokoza zinthu zomwe zinachitika - ndichiyani? Msangani wenewu ku chinthu choyambirira, osati mawu ovuta ndi cholinga. Ndi nkhani magwero makamaka monga malemba monga mbiri: Mfundo, mbiri, anthu ena ndi malemba mapemphero. magwero Nkhani - izi ndi malemba ndi mauthenga amene alipo Nkhani nthano. Komabe, malinga ndi J. Brokmeyera ndi R. Harre, koma osati malemba onse ndi nkhani komanso kukumana ndi "mfundo nthano."

Wachibale nkhani za mbiri yakale, pali kusamvetsetsa angapo chifukwa cha kuti ena mwa "nkhani", monga malemba autobiographical zochokera kokha pa mfundo, pamene ena kapena anauzidwapo kapena kusinthidwa. Motero, kunena zoona awo yafupika, koma zenizeni ndi sizinasinthe, basi kusintha kwa chiŵerengero cha aliyense thereto owerenga. The nkhani akanali yemweyo, koma m'njira zake ndi owerenga likamanena ndi zotchulidwa, yopezera zofunika, mu maganizo ake, zinthu, kuluka iwo mu nsalu za nkhani.

Pankhani zenizeni za malemba autobiographical, apa, pali vuto lina: chilakolako la wolemba kuti Atchule munthu wake ndi ntchito, choncho, n'zotheka kupereka mfundo zabodza kapena chithunzi cholakwika cha choonadi mokomera zawo.

Kufotokoza, tikhoza kunena kuti nkhani njira, njira imodzi kapena wina, apeza ntchito yambiri ya zaumunthu amene kuphunzira chikhalidwe cha munthu ndi malo ake. Abwino ndi limodzi kuchokera mu kuunikaku zotengera malingaliridwe anthu, komanso munthu ali limodzi kwa anthu a m'dziko lomwe anapanga ndi moyo munthu zinachitikira, kutanthauza kuti maganizo awo ndi zotengera malingaliridwe view a m'dzikoli.

Mwachidule mfundo pamwamba, tikhoza zopanga tanthauzo zotsatirazi nkhani: mafotokozedwe - miyambo zomveka nkhani imene imaonetsa maganizo a munthu zenizeni, komanso njira yokonza chochitika m'maganizo, kuyesa kudziletsa chizindikiritso ndi kudzikonda abwino.