Nzeru Analytical monga mbali ya chikhalidwe Western kwa zaka za m'ma 20

nzeru Analytic ndi anayambitsa m'zaka za m'ma 20 m'mayiko Western latsopano nzeru zaumunthu malangizo, kutanthauza rigor kugwiritsa ntchito mawu ena ndipo ankayang'ana pa ndondomeko ya kulingalira, sakhulupirira mfundo zongopeka. Makamaka ambiri mtundu wa maganizo walandira m'mayiko monga England, Australia, USA. mawunikidwe masiku nzeru anaonekera posachedwapa mu mabuku Russian, koma zaka 80 zaka mazana makumi awiri.

The adayambitsa azimuth nthanthi akuti ndi George Moore ndi Bertrand Russell, inspirer ake maganizo - woyambitsa wotchuka "Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus" Lyudviga Vitgenshteyna.

Mbali zitatu zazikulu za nzeru mawunikidwe ndi:

• Zinenero reductionism ndi kubweretsa mavuto onse amene alipo mu nzeru za mavuto chinenero;
• methodological kukondera, kutanthauza otsutsa onse njira alipo mawunikidwe kuti mafundewo 20th Century nzeru zaumunthu ganizo;
• zamalankhulidwe ka, ndiko kuti, ali anaikira tcheru pa vuto la makhalidwe.

Analytical nzeru za m'ma 20 - makamaka ndi nzeru za chinenero. Kusamvetsetsa chifukwa cha kupanda ungwiro chilankhulo cha ambiguity mawu ndi mawu, monga akatswiri - otsatira a latsopano nthanthi kaonedwe ndi chifukwa chachikulu zikamera ndi kukula kwa nzeru "lakale". Malinga Wittgenstein, ntchito yaikulu ya nzeru ndi kumanga abwino zimenezi mwa mawu a chinenerochi, omwe angandithandize kuthetsa zaka alipo kutsutsana nthanthi za maganizo ndi zochita, chikhalidwe ndi ufulu wosankha. Ndi chifukwa nzeru analytic pa siteji ya penipeni chinali formalization a chinenero ndi changwiro zophiphiritsa zake zomveka. Njira yothetsera vutoli nawo otsatira a Wittgenstein, Rudolf Carnap, Otto Neurath, Moritz Schlick. Tikumbukenso kuti lingaliro la kubweretsa chilankhulidwe ungwiro wake mofulumira kwambiri wotopa, ndi nzeru ena, izo anazindikira kuti kuli chilankhulo changwiro ngakhale chovomerezeka, koma osati nthawi zonse zotheka. Mwachitsanzo, anasiyiratu chinenero masamu ndi zosavomerezeka tsiku ndi tsiku, ndipo makamaka pamene kulemba mabuku sanali sayansi, makamaka ndakatulo.

Mmasate cha m'ma 20 ankaona kwambiri nthawi nthanthi mawunikidwe sayansi. Inali pa nthawi imeneyi Lyudvig Vitgenshteyn anabwerera kuchokera tokha ukapolo (zaka 6 anagwira ntchito aphunzitsi yosavuta kumidzi m'madera a Alps) mu Cambridge. Pano padziko msanga izo anapanga bwalo la otsatira yamphongo ya chiphunzitso maganizo mawunikidwe. malingaliro atsopano zopezeka m'buku lotchedwa "nthanthi zofufuza". Ntchito imeneyi inali ntchito womaliza wa moyo nzeru zapamwamba, iye anagwira mpaka imfa yake mu 1951.

Inakulitsidwa nzeru mawunikidwe anali mu ntchito za Gilbert Ryle, woyambitsa "nthanthi zifukwa zogomeka", "Category" ndi ena ambiri. The vuto lalikulu lomwe wolemba zikutipatsa m'mabukhu ache, ndi funso losavuta: "N'chiyani chimachititsa funso nthanthi ndi nzeru zaumunthu?" Yankho lake lagona pa choona kuti cholinga chachikulu cha nzeru sayansi ndi "akuchepa" zolakwa categorical ndi mfundo za mtundu wa wanzeru. Akuwuka kwa kusamvetsetsa ingathetsedwe ndi Kupeleka osiyana- siyana zomveka mfundo ndi mawu.

nzeru Analytic ndi malingaliro ake ndi mphamvu zochita za chitukuko cha nzeru lonse mu mayiko ambiri pa dziko. Patapita nthawi, mbali iyi nzeru wakhala azimuth yotakata chikhalidwe, udindo zofunika akadali amphamvu ambiri m'mayiko Chingelezi.