Kachitidwe nthanthi ndi chiyani? Modern nthanthi mafunde

Philosophy - sayansi kuti sadzasiya aliyense osayanjanitsika. N'zosadabwitsa, chifukwa wokhudza munthu aliyense anatenga zinthu zofunika kwambiri m'banja. Tonsefe nawo malingaliro nzeru zaumunthu, kaya mwamuna kapena mkazi, fuko ndi kalasi. Mwamwayi, zaka zikwizikwi anthu nkhawa za mafunso achikhazikitso, mayankho kwa amene si yapezeka. Ngakhale izi, pali masukulu ambiri ndi maganizo ndi mumaganiza kuti ndi sanandisiye zoyesayesa zawo kuvumbulutsa zachisinsi zinsinsi za chilengedwe.

Kanthu ndi maganizo

ndi chachikulu chomwe - kanthu kapena mzimu? Nkhani imeneyi yaitali anagawa anzeru m'magulu odana. Zotsatira zake zinali zazikulu nthanthi mumaganiza - chuma, chomwe ndi dualism. Adepts lililonse kusukulu kuti amange mfundo zawo, kukana zinthu zonse wosiyana ndi iwo. Komabe, aliyense wa mumaganiza izi limene lachititsa nthambi zambiri zomwe lero anayankha zikusonyeza m'mitima ya anthu.

Chuma - ndi nzeru zaumunthu kwa kunenetsa kuti chinthu ndicho chachikulu, ndi yekhayo ali ndi phindu. XVII-XVIII веков, а также в социалистических государствах нового времени. sukulu ili kunalamulidwa ndi England ndi France XVII-XVIII zaka zambiri, komanso m'mayiko zokomera a masiku ano. Materialists timakhulupirira youma kutsimikiziridwa. Amakonda sayansi ya zachilengedwe, monga zimapangidwira, sayansi, masamu ndi zamoyo, ntchito iwo mwachangu zokambirana ndi idealists. Mawu ambiri awo otsimikiza zakuthupi logic ndi sayansi, zomwe zimachititsa izi ndi nzeru wokongola kwambiri. Komabe, iwo kwathunthu kukana kuthekera kwa chikumbumtima kusonkhezera nkhaniyi, kuganizira mofatsa kudzikonda wagawo palokha.

idealists

The idealists nthanthi kwa kwathunthu Zotsutsana za chuma. Monga amamangirira wofunika kwambiri kwa dziko maganizo, kuwonjezera pa dziko la zinthu kokha zotsatira zake. Idealists kukhulupirira kuti nkhaniyo sangaonekerenso popanda lingaliro amapanga izo. dziko lonse lozungulira ife, ndiye mwiniwake wa maganizo ndi malingaliro, ndipo osati mosemphanitsa. Vuto limeneli, nawonso, lagawidwa sukulu ziwiri zikuluzikulu: Zidzikhala ndi zotengera malingaliridwe chabe. Othandiza sukulu cholinga chomwe amati dziko maganizo kulibe payekhapayekha ife.

Zotengera malingaliridwe chabe zosonyeza kuti dziko likhalepo yekha mu mtima wa munthu. Popanda kuzindikira za ndondomeko kwenikweni kanthu, chifukwa nkhani kupanga mfundo likhoza kubwera kudzera mu mtima wa ayi. Chomwe kwayamba kutchuka kwambiri masiku awa. chitukuko Western ali ndi njala ya uzimu. Chuma analamulira zaka Europe ndi America, kotero kuti anthu watopa ndi maganizo ake. Tsopano iwo akufunafuna kumacheza ndi chabe, amene wakhala kwa iwo kamphepo kayaziyazi m'dziko malo amodzi maganizo okhazikika.

dualism

Otsatira a dualism sanandiyankhe pa funso wosatha. Kwa iwo chinali kukhala kukuchititsa zimenezi nthanthi ananenetsa mzimu ndi nkhani zonse zakhala. Dualists si kofunika kwambiri iliyonse zauzimu kapena zakuthupi, ponena kuti kuli chilengedwe ndi ofunika onse a zigawo izi. Man ankaona otsatira sukulu ya dualism ngati maphatikizidwe indivisible pa nkhaniyi ndi mzimu. zinthu zonse m'chilengedwe chonse mankhwala ndi maganizo kapena kanthu. Mwachitsanzo, malingaliro abwere kwa zikomo kuwala kutsitsimuka, koma zinthu ndilochokera pa nkhaniyi. Dualism wakhala ngati maphatikizidwe wa zotsutsana awiri, kungolandira maganizo ndi mfundo za chuma ndi chabe. Komabe, silinafike anam'bweretsera kutchuka kwambiri, monga anthu zosavuta monyanyira, osati kufuna malo pakati.

Empiricism ndi rationalism

Osati funso zaka zakubadwa za ulamuliro wa nkhani ndi mzimu unagawanika anzeru pa mafunde zosiyanasiyana aumunthu. Directions wa sayansi chidwi komanso anatuluka chifukwa mikangano za mmene munthu amaphunzira dziko. Pali masukulu awiri anatuluka kuti kutsatira mfundo zosiyana kwambiri ndi maganizo, koma simungathe definitively kutsimikizira malo awo. Othandiza njira wazotsatira kwa kudziwa kuti mtendere womwe umadza kudziwa munthu, zivute zitani lili ndi makhalidwe ake ndi ana onse zosangalatsa.

Rationalism - nthanthi azimuth, amene anaika maziko a Descartes. otsatira ake ndikukhulupirira kuti chifukwa chokha choyera, maganizo osati turbid ndi awonera m'mbuyomo kutenga mbali mu kuphunzira. Rationalists amakhulupirira kuti kuli chiwerengero cha axioms kuti ali motero kwa iwo amene safuna umboni.

mumaganiza nzeru zaumunthu, mafunde, sukulu yophunzitsa Chinese

China kuliganizira wapadera, ndi mafunde ake chidwi nthanthi kuti akhala wotchuka osati China komanso kunja. Wotchuka wa iwo - Chibuda. Iye anabwera ku India ndi kufalitsa mwamsanga kwa nthaka yachonde. Ziphunzitso za Buddha limaphunzitsa kuti ubwenzi Zadziko zosangalatsa ndiponso chuma bwino kukhala kumayambitsa kuwononga moyo wathu. M'malo mwake, Chibuda amapereka kwa musankhe pakati ndi ntchito ngati chida woonda monga kusinkhasinkha. Motere mukhoza kulamulira maganizo ake ndi kusiya zilakolako, kukokera pansi moyo. The chifukwa cha mchitidwe lolondola ndi kumasulidwa wathunthu wa moyo - nirvana.

Chitao ndi ofanana kwambiri Chibuda, popeza onse chiphunzitso izi zimayenderana, zonse kusonkhezera wina ndi mnzake. kholo lake Lao Tzu anayambitsa chinthu monga Dao. Ndi mawu lalifupi Mwamsanga zambiri mfundo lonse. Tao ndi onse chilengedwe malamulo ndi mgwirizano chonse, ndi chofunikira kwambiri kwa chilengedwe - mphamvu zinathandiza, limene tinafika ndi umene kubwerera pambuyo pa imfa. Taoists yesani kuchita zinthu mogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe, kutsatira Inde chilengedwe cha Yehova. Chifukwa cha moyo woterowo - mavutowa mu Dao.

Chikomfyushani

An malangizo chidwi nzeru za Chinese - Chikomfyushani. dzina lake afunika Confucius. V-IV веках до нашей эры и служил чиновником при императоре. Iye anakhala mu V-IV m'ma BC natumikira monga mkulu ndi mfumu. Ngakhale malo apamwamba, woganiza Chinese pamwamba onse amene anayamikira kukoma mtima ndi chifundo. Iye anati utsogoleli wa boma m'pofunika kuvomereza okha zabwino ndi makhalidwe abwino anthu, amene ndi chitsanzo chawo kuuzira anthu. Confucius anali ndi dongosolo anasiyiratu zochokera chiwawa komanso kukakamiza.

Komabe, mbali ya Chikomfyushani kudzichepetsa ndi utumiki N'ZOSACHITA kufunsa kuti munthu amene ali apamwamba pa wapamwamba. Confucius anali wothandiza kwa dongosolo, miyambo ndi miyambo. maganizo ake n'ngotchukabe kwambiri China, ndipo ena a iwo kale malire ake.

Modern nthanthi mafunde

M'zaka zapitazi, sayansi wapanga chinthu chachikulu kutsogolo. nthano zambiri ndiponso zimene anachita akhala debunked, omwe atachita chithunzi wakale wa dziko. Izi ndithudi anasonyeza kumvetsetsa yamakono ya chilengedwe chonse. Zochita wotchuka kwambiri mu nzeru zamakono - existentialism ndi nzeru analytic. Existentialism lolunjika pa mchitidwe kwambiri aliko yapadera ake ndi m'maganizo. azimuth likutsindika maganizo mwachilengedwe chabe kuti kuvutika maganizo. Bright woimira maganizo amenewa - Jean-Pol Sartr.

nzeru Analytical lolunjika pa ntchito chidziwitso. Nkofunika kuti choonadi akhoza kuyesedwa empirically. Okhulupirira izi sukulu kulambira logic ndi zolondola, kusiya chakale maganizo aumunthu.

Philosophy tsiku ndi tsiku

Anthu analengedwa ambiri nthanthi zinthu, masukulu ndi malangizo. Iwo ali ozadzidwa ndi mawu mochenjera ndi mawu kapangidwe kake kuwopseza nzika wamba. Akatswiri zolengeza, milu ya mawu zovuta kuzimvetsa ndi maina zazikulu kupanga nzeru zingapo za khalidwe sayansi, kupezeka kwa admirers kwambiri kulimbikira yekha wa luso limeneli. Koma musaiwale kuti aliyense wa ife - pa nzeru za anthu. Usachite mantha kuti agwirizane sayansi chidwi. Ngati mukufuna ndikuganiza, choonadi ndi otsimikiza kuti mubwere kwa inu, ziribe kanthu yemwe inu muli, katswiri wa nzeru, ndi player mpira kapena makaniko.