Thales: nzeru pamaso pa njira zachilengedwe

Zosowa zakale tchire Thales, amene nzeru akadali anaphunzitsa ku mayunivesite padziko lonse, anabadwa mu 620 BC mumzinda wa Mileto mu Ionia. Aristotle, amene ntchito mwa kungoona ziphunzitso za Thales, anafotokoza wophunzira wake monga munthu woyamba anayamba kuphunzira mfundo ndi chiyambi cha zinthu zakuthupi. Choncho, nzeru zapamwamba ku Mileto anakhala woyambitsa wa sukulu ya nzeru achilengedwe. Thales anali ndi chidwi pafupifupi chilichonse, kuphunzira onse nthambi kudziwika cha nzeru; nzeru, mbiri, sayansi, masamu, zomangamanga, malo ndi ndale. Iye anayika patsogolo chiphunzitso kufotokoza zochitika zambiri zachilengedwe, nkhani yaikulu, thandizo la Dziko Lapansi ndipo amachititsa kusintha dziko. Thales, ndi nzeru zomwe anadzakhala gwero la ziphunzitso zambiri ankaonetsetsa, pamoyo wake osati kuphunzira dziko lapansi mwa prism wa sayansi - nawonso mwakhama osauka zakuthambo Lingaliro Lovomerezeka ndi anatulukira ambiri mafotokozedwe zochitika Cosmological, makamaka zochokera mu amakumana pa zinangokhalako zokha osati ndi phukusi la mizimu.

Ndi kuyamika munthu uyu anauka wakale Greek zakuthambo - sayansi kuti amayesetsa kumvetsa ndi rationally kufotokoza zonse zimene zimachitika kumwamba lakutali. Pa nthawi imeneyo Thales anamuzindikira kufika Albucasis; pang'ono ndi pang'ono anali kuloŵa kuchita chiphunzitso cha mphamvu la Mulungu ndipo anayamba kulimbikitsa njira sayansi chidziwitso cha chilengedwe. Woganiza la Mileto anakhazikitsa sukulu ya nzeru zachilengedwe ndipo anakhala otchuka chithunzi cha dziko wakale.

Madzi - ndi mfundo yaikulu

Aristotle kumatanthauza nzeru kudziwa mfundo zenizeni ndi zomwe zimayambitsa. kuphunzira nzeru, iye anayamba ndi ntchito za anzeru omwe ankagwira pamaso pake, ndipo chinthu choyamba cha maphunziro a Aristotle anali mfundo za dziko limene Pamilunguyo Thales. kuloŵedwa nzeru za Aristotle amakakamizidwa kuganizira za udindo wa chilengedwe chonse. Thales ankakhulupirira kuti chilengedwe chonse - madzi, "Arche", mfundo yaikulu ya chinthu umodzi zakuthupi. Ngakhale kuti Plato ndi Aristotle anatulukira terminology upainiya, yotsirizira analemba chiphunzitso cha kafukufuku Mileto mu mawu ndi Thales yekha mu nthawi yoyenera. Izo ziri zodziwika bwino kuti Aristotle mosakayikira wa kulondola kwa kuloŵedwa m'malo, koma ndi sizopeka zifukwa ndi mfundo kuthandiza ziphunzitso izi, komabe iye anayamba kukhala osamala.

nthano

Anthu ena amakhulupirira kuti maganizo a tchire zachokera pa Greek ndi Middle zikhulupiriro za chipembedzo East. Komabe, maganizo ndi olakwika. Thales, amene nzeru kalelo ankaona kudula-m'mphepete posachedwa anasiya kutsatira mwambo ndipo anasiya kukhulupirira mfundo zochokera nkhani m'nthano.

Mwina, iye ankadziwa bwino malonjezo Homer kuti makolo kwa chilengedwe ndi anthu Mulungu, koma Thales Komabe sanamukhulupirire kuti anali milungu bungwe kapena kulamulira danga. Kuphunzira chiphunzitso cha madzi pervoprirody zinthu zonse, Aristotle ananena kuti maganizo a kuloŵedwa anali nacho ndi zikhulupiriro za makolo, koma zimenezo sizitanthauza kuti wakale nzeru za Agiriki a Thales mwa njira iliyonse amadalira nthano. Tchire la Mileto anasonyeza si chinthu chakale ndi wosazindikira, ndi watsopano, maganizo modabwitsa pa maziko amene kenako ananyamuka njira sayansi kuphunzira zochitika zachilengedwe. N'chifukwa chake Aristotle anazindikira Thales monga woyambitsa wa nzeru achilengedwe.

Mfundo zikuluzikulu

Vuto la chikhalidwe cha nkhaniyi ndipo kusinthika ake mu mamilioni a zinthu zimene analenga, mbali zonse nkhawa njira zachilengedwe. Dama ndi Thales. Philosophy, mwachidule kumachepetsa mfundo zofunika "zinthu zonse - madzi," akufotokoza m'mene zinthu onse amabadwa kwa madzi ndiyeno kubwerera ku zikuchokera m'chimake ndi chikhalidwe. Komanso, Thales ankanena kuti madzi ali lingathe kusintha mamiliyoni zinthu zimene zimapanga chilengedwe chonse, kuphatikizapo botanical, thupi, nyengo ndi mbali miyala. Aliyense ndondomeko cyclical zochokera kutembenuka kwa madzi.

umboni m'munsi

Kale kuwuka kwa malingaliro waukulu Thales anthu anayamba ochita wosazindikira zitsulo, kotero nzeru zapamwamba ankadziwa kuti kutentha akhoza bwinobwino zitsulo mu mkhalidwe madzi. Madzi kuyambitsa kusintha zomveka kwambiri kambirimbiri kuposa zinthu zina, ndipo mwina nthawi iliyonse anaona m'madera atatu: madzi, nthunzi ndi matalala. Umboni waukulu Thales tchire ndipo anayambitsa nzeru wakale zinachititsa chitsimikiziro cha maganizo ake, chinali chifukwa chakuti madzi, Musaumitse akhoza kupanga nthaka. City Mileto anaima Khwalala, umene nthawi - kwenikweni mwa madzi mtsinje - anakula chilumba. Today m'mabwinja a mzinda kamodzi wolemera ili makilomita khumi kuchokera ku gombe, ndi chilumba kalekale gawo la m'chigwa cha chonde. Pa magombe wa Tigirisi, Firate, ndipo, ndithudi, Nile akhoza kusunga chithunzi ofanana: madzi pang'onopang'ono zimathera njira, ndi contemplatives zinkaoneka kuti dziko lapansi amachokera madzi. Thales, amene nzeru zinali zochokera zachilengedwe, ankakhulupirira mfundo limodzi: madzi Ngokhoza kulenga ndi kuyamwitsa thambo lonse.

wotsimikizirika kungoganizira

Sizikudziwika mmene iye woganiza anafotokoza maganizo ake a mphamvuzonse wa madzi, monga nchito zake zolemba kuti sanapulumuke, ndi ambiri a m'munsi umboni anapereka pambuyo Aristotle. Amaganiza kuti njira yaikulu ya zokopa chinali chifukwa chakuti Thales, ndi nzeru umene panthawi imeneyo ankaoneka yojambula kudziwa, woyamba kukana kuphatikizidwa milungu Olimpiki ku chilengedwe cha dziko.

kukana

Only mu 1769 mu chikhulupiriro kuti madzi amapanga nthaka anabalalika experimenter Antuanom Lavuaze. M'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi lingaliro la m'badwo mowiriza wa nkhani anakana Louis Pasteur.