Madzi m'thupi la alcohols

Mawu akuti "madzi m'thupi" ntchito mankhwala (kutanthauza madzi m'thupi), mu ndege (ndi kutaya madzi ndi ndege pa ndege), mu zimapangidwira (anachita, zomwe zimachokera ku mamolekyulu organic unagawanika kuchokera madzi). Zimene alcohols madzi m'thupi khalidwe la mankhwala kale kudziwika monga mowa. The ndondomeko chimaposa ndi Kutentha mu kukhalapo kwa madzi yambiri, yomwe ndi chidulo cha safuriki, nthaka enaake, zotayidwa okusayidi kapena asidi phosphoric. Malinga zimene akhoza kupanga chimasanduka unsaturated, kapena ethers, izo lagawidwa ndi moyenera, kuti intramolecular ndi intermolecular madzi m'thupi.

Ethers anapangidwa zimene imachitika pa m'munsi kutentha ndi mowa mopitirira muyeso. Mu sitepe yoyamba ya sulfuric asidi Ester analandira: C2H5OH + HO-SO2OH ↔ C2H5O-SO2OH + H2O. Ngati osakaniza anachita ndiye analimbikitsa, ndiye anapanga asidi ethylsulfuric ali anachita ndi owonjezera mowa: C2H5O-SO2OH + C2H5OH → C2H5O-C2H5 + H2SO4. Chifukwa ndi diethyl (kapena sulfa) efa. Malinga ndi uphungu umene atuluka intermolecular madzi m'thupi la alcohols. Chifukwa, ndi kulekanitsa mowa ku mamolekyulu awiri maatomu awiri hydrogen ndi chimodzi mpweya atomu (iwo amapanga madzi amodzi molekyulu) anapanga ethers. Makampani, diethyl efa opangidwa ndi kudutsa mowa pa awiri okusayidi zotayidwa pa kutentha 250 ° C. Chiwembu anachita ndi motere: 2C2H5-HA → C2H5-O-C2H5 + H2O.

Intramolecular madzi m'thupi la alcohols angayambe yekha pa apamwamba kutentha. Kotero molekyulu limodzi mowa (osati awiri monga mmene zinalili m'mbuyomu) alekanitsa molekyulu madzi ndi maatomu awiri mpweya popangidwa ndi chomangira umodzi awiri. Gwiritsani ntchito njira imeneyi kwa yokonza chimasanduka unsaturated. Ntchito Mwaichi monoalcohols yekha. Mwachitsanzo, pogawanikana pamawere madzi Mowa ikuchitika pa kutentha 500 ° C pa chothandizira dehydrating, mwachitsanzo, aluminiyamu Al2O3 kapena nthaka mankhwala enaake ZnCl2.

Madzi m'thupi la alcohols - ndi njira yophweka yopangira alkenes gaseous mu labu. Izo ntchito yopanga ethylene ku Mowa: CH3-CH2-HA → CH2 = CH2 + H2O. Madzi m'thupi akhoza kuchitika pamaso pa chothandizira amene ali aluminiyamu. Awiriawiri ethyl mowa anawoloka mkangano aluminiyamu ufa. madzi popeleka ma odzipereka monga nthunzi, motero amaima ndi ethylene koyera. Mu ndondomekoyi, khalidwe la chothandizira angagwiritsidwe ntchito zidulo wambiri, mwachitsanzo, sulfuric kapena phosphoric. Iwo, monga okusayidi zotayidwa, adzatenga katundu dehydrating. Komabe, popeza asidi sulfuric ndi wamphamvu oxidizing wothandizila, umathandiza kwambiri ndi-mankhwala (mwachitsanzo, kumwa mowa inayake oxidized kuti carbon dioxide, ndi chidulo kusanduka woipa sulfure), choncho mpweya opangidwa amafuna kuyeretsedwa zina.

Madzi m'thupi la alcohols dongosolo ozungulira, mwachitsanzo, kuchepa madzi m'thupi la cyclohexanol, zingatenge malo mu kukhalapo kwa asidi phosphoric. Iwo amafuna chidulo cha safuriki, monga, ndi katundu wabwino dehydrating, kupatula Kumabweretsa mapangidwe umatuluka, komanso otetezeka. Chifukwa cha zimene anachita zimenezi kumachititsa cyclohexene. chakuti mpweya maatomu amaphatikiza mphete susintha umagwirira zotani: C6H11-HA → C6H10 + H2O. Cyclohexanol ndi usavutike ndi kuikapo maganizo phosphoric (V) acid. Chifukwa ozungulira hydrocarbon ndi munthu wachiphamaso chomangira mu mphete ndi chinthu madzi Koma kwa kuyeretsedwa ku zodetsa ndi otchezedwa.

N'zothekanso madzi m'thupi la alcohols munali mu molekyulu magulu angapo hydroxyl. Chitsanzo kwa alcohols polyhydric Taganizirani zotsatira anachita mu Kupha mamolekyulu awiri a madzi mamolekyulu awiri ethylene glycol, potero kupanga efa ozungulira, dioxane: 2OH-CH2-CH2-HA → (C2H4O) 2. Madzi m'thupi ndi pa distillation wa ethylene glycol pamaso pa asidi sulfuric. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa njira zamakono za mafakitale phwando dioxane.

Choncho, tingathe kunena kuti madzi m'thupi la alcohols ndipo ali mafakitale ndi zasayansi ofunsira. Chifukwa, mankhwala anapanga, amene ntchito pochita kafukufuku, komanso zipangizo kapena reagents wothandiza kwa makampani mankhwala.