Ionizing cheza: cheza chitetezo (miyeso ndi zipangizo)

Mitsinje minda mu atomu a photons (photons) ndi tinthu pulayimale (corpuscles) chifukwa ionizing cheza. Chitetezo cha kutentha n'kofunika kwambiri. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti pa gulu ake kudzera chinthu chilichonse otaya ngati ionizes mamolekyulu zake zonse ndi maatomu.

Natural maziko poizoniyu

Ionizing cheza monga chodabwitsa zachilengedwe uli ponseponse. Pankhani ya Earth kuchokera mlenga lenga. Kodi madzi, kugwa kuchokera ku mlengalenga. isotopes nyukiliya chiyambi dziko kudutsa mu zamoyo akamadya ndi yaitali iwo.

Kuyambira pachiyambi cha dziko yathu inali ndi zachilengedwe ionizing cheza. Chitetezo mtundu cheza si chofunika, ndi kupewa iwo sangathe. The cheza zachilengedwe zonse zimathera munthu popanda owononga thanzi.

The ntchito cheza ionizing

Mpweya wa poizoni ngati chodabwitsa thupi anapeza mu 1896. Pakali pano, inapeza ntchito zosiyanasiyana za zochita za anthu. Mwachitsanzo, mu gawo la mphamvu m'mayiko ambiri malo kwambiri zapatsidwa kwa zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya. Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito cheza nyukiliya mankhwala. Ndi mwambo matenda a matenda ndi ziwalo, komanso magawo cheza mankhwala mu mankhwala a khansa. Pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu nyukiliya kuphunzira njira kagayidwe kachakudya mu thupi, ziwalo kuphunzira.

Ntchito atomu mtendere ndi zolinga za kuyendera mafakitale. Kodi zinthu nyukiliya anayikidwa mu zosiyanasiyana zipangizo kulamulira.

Ife tonse tikudziwa chizindikiro "kuchoka", anaika mu ndege ndi nyumba. Lili nyukiliya tritium. Chifukwa chinthu ichi chizindikiro amatha kuwala mu mdima ngakhale mwambo outages mwangozi. Nyukiliya americium opezeka ambiri zipangizo moto Alamu anaika mu nyumba onse ndi nyumba.

Mmene thupi

Malinga mphamvu sipekitiramu ake cheza nyukiliya mwina ionizing osiyana komanso zopweteka mmakutu mphamvu. Ku chikhalidwe cha chuma ndipo zimadalira mphamvu ya otaya pa zamoyo. Tinthu kudutsa chinthu kwachilengedwenso zimatulutsa ndi mphamvu zina. Pamene mokwanira mfundo zabwino ndi chiwonongeko cha kumangidwa mankhwala mamolekyulu ndi maatomu. Mu mawu ena, kwambiri kugwira ntchito kwa maselo onse a minofu moyo, akuswa ionizing cheza. Chitetezo cha kutentha mu nkhani iyi ndi zofunika kwambiri. Izo munthu wathanzi.

mavuto obwera

Ionizing cheza angakhale ndi zotsatira somatic pa thupi la munthu. Ndi mawonetseredwe a aakulu pachimake cheza syndrome ndi kuvulala cheza focal. Nthawi zina, particles nyukiliya ndi zotsatira somatic-zosapanganika. Iwo akuwonetseredwa mu yoopsa ndiphunzire, yatsoka a zotupa zilonda, kuchepetsa moyo amayembekezeka ndi zolephera chibadwa.

Mitundu cheza

nyukiliya tinthu mtsinje gwero akhale kunja kwa thupi. Zikatero pali padzuwa kunja.

zinthu nyukiliya angathe kutenga mu thupi lathu ndi chakudya, madzi ndi mpweya. Izi azipereka walitsa mkati. Komanso limakhudza anthu thanzi lathu.

ndi chitetezo otaya nyukiliya Kodi

Zoyamba za chitetezo ionizing cheza ndi unazunguliridwa mu:

• kulemekeza malire zofunika mlingo;
• zotheka kuti kuchepa kwambiri mlingo wochepa cheza Mlingo;
• osati ngakhale padzuwa pang'ono oipa.

Ogwira ntchito ndi zinthu nyukiliya ndidzadutsa polojekiti mwadongosolo. Cholinga cha ntchito iyi ndi kudziwa cheza kumwa mankhwala munthu. Voliyumu ya akulodnoleza zimenezi ayenera kukhala mogwirizana mwachindunji kwa chikhalidwe cha ntchito antchito ndi zinthu nyukiliya. Aliyense wa ntchito amene ali kukhudzana ndi magwero a particles kamwazi ayenera kukhala payekha dosimeter. chida ichi ndi koyenera kuti ulamuliro wa poizoni mlingo analandira mwa munthu.

Kukhazikitsa njira kuchepetsa mphamvu ya otaya nyukiliya

Kodi akuyendera zoyamba za chitetezo ionizing cheza? Iwo akuyendera m'njira zotsatirazi:

• ndichepe magwero mphamvu cheza (chitetezo nambala);
• kuchepetsa Gwero ntchito nthawi (chitetezo nthawi);
• kuwonjezeka mtunda kuchokera udindo woyendetsa gwero (chitetezo mtunda);
• unsembe wa kutetezedwa zipangizo angathe kungolandira ndi tinthu mitsinje (chitetezo zowonetsera);
• kukhazikitsa miyezo zachipatala ndi gulu-luso.

Zonsezi pamwambapa - izi ndi njira yaikulu ya chitetezo ionizing cheza. Pakuti kuzindikira kwawo, ndi zofunika osati ntchito mu zinthu zina, maloboti ndi manipulators, komanso kuti athe automate ndondomekoyi.

Njira chitetezo cheza ionizing monga mu mndandanda wake wa ntchito zida zina zodzitetezera komanso unsembe wochenjeza za cheza zizindikiro ngozi.

malo zida

Chitetezo kukhudzana ndi cheza ionizing ndi mbali ya kupereka malo otetezeka ntchito. Mu malo amenewo kumene ndodo ntchito ndi zinthu nyukiliya, muyenera okwana kulamulira, kulola kuti apereke mphamvu zosiyanasiyana mitundu cheza. zipinda izi kapena malo ndithu okonzeka ndi dongosolo la mpweya ndi mlingo mpweya wa osachepera asanu. Komanso, malo deta chofunika kuti wodzipatula ndi enawo.

Kodi ntchito ikuchitika ndi ionizing utuluke, zitseko, kudenga, pansi panyumba ndi makoma ayenera chipangizo wapadera. Izi zimapangitsa kuti n'zosatheka kudziunjikira fumbi nyukiliya ndiponso kusowa mayamwidwe Mwina zipangizo surfacing zakumwa nyukiliya, nthuzi, ndi aerosols. Kutero, kupezera chipinda ntchito PVC pulasitiki, linoleum, utoto mafuta, etc. Kuchita zinthu zonse n'zotheka kuteteza ndi ionizing dzuwa, m'pofunika kulamulira chikhalidwe cha nyumba ya chipindacho. Iwo sayenera ming'alu aliyense ndi tchipisi. Komanso, kumathandiza kupeza ngodya ya zipinda kuwatchinjiriza kunja kwenikweni. Izi kumatha malo fumbi nyukiliya ndi facilitates kuyeretsa.

Sambani chiyembekezo imene ntchito ikuchitika ndi ionizing cheza ayenera tsiku. Lamulo ndi mwezi ambiri kuyeretsa ngati malo. Kumafuna otsukira mawindo, makoma, mipando, zida ndi zitseko ntchito sopo m'madzi otentha.

Kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zodzitetezera

Ogwira ntchito ndi zinthu nyukiliya, ayenera atavala zovala zapadera. Mwathunthu amateteza thupi ku cheza Alpha. Komanso, musaphonye gawo beta-, gamma- kapena X-tinthu otaya. njira zina zodzitetezera ndi cheza ionizing - ndi antikontaminatsionnye masuti ndi magolovesi, nsapato ndi zotulutsira, magalasi, ndi kutsogolera matewera. Onsewo anali ndi thanzi la munthu pamene kunja walitsa. A mndandanda enieni zodzitetezera zimadalira mphamvu ya ionizing cheza.

Ndi pang'ono kuipitsidwa chikalata mikanjo antchito ndi coveralls, komanso zipewa, sewn kwa nsalu thonje. misinkhu apamwamba mpweya wa poizoni amafuna zina amavala zovala filimu monga bracers, mathalauza, zovala, etc., womwe wapangidwa ndi pulasitiki. Manja Pankhaniyi kuteteza mphira kutsogolera impregnated mogwirizana.

Pamene ogwira kwambiri zakhudzana chikalata masuti (kuthamanga masuti) opangidwa ndi nsalu pulasitiki ndi kukhala payipi kusintha kudzera amene mpweya umaperekedwa. Mu zida zovala amenewa n'kupuma mpweya zida.

Mabungwe a chitetezo ionizing magalasi dzuwa, amene anaikapo mu wapadera kupanga tungsten, galasi kutsogolera kapena mankwala. Zida Special ntchito pamene ntchito ndi Alpha ndi cheza beta. Amachita mbale organic galasi.

particles nyukiliya kuti alowe m'thupi, zingaunjikane kumeneko. Zimenezi zimabweretsa walitsa mkati. kukhudzana amenewa likuoneka zikamera wa pathologies zosiyanasiyana.

chitetezo munthu ndi cheza ionizing akhoza kuchepetsa kuchuluka ingested mchitidwe nyukiliya kudzera mundawo kupuma.

Kuchepetsa mtunda kuchokera ku gwero

A malo abwino ntchito ndi zinthu nyukiliya amayambira kokha pamene ntchito chitetezo mabuku ndi cheza ionizing. Pankhaniyi, mitsuko yeniyeni umalimbana wakusungira anthu thanzi kudzadalira mtundu wa gwero ndi zikhalidwe za ndondomeko kupanga.

Mitundu ya chitetezo cha kutentha ionizing ali osiyana, koma zophweka kwambiri ndipo nthawi yomweyo odalirika iwo ndi chitetezo mtunda. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti cheza akhoza kutaya mphamvu mphamvu yake. Ndiponso, izi zimachitika ndi kuwonjezeka mtunda kuchokera ku gwero.

Ntchito zowonetsera wapadera

Njira chitetezo cheza ionizing zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito osati komanso chuma losonkhanitsidwa. zofunika atsopano ndi malamulo ndi GOST 12.4.120-83. Izi chikalata zolimbana amapereka mndandanda enieni njira gulu la chitetezo, monga:

• Mobile ndi yosasuntha zowonetsera;
• mabokosi chitetezo ndi safes;
• muli yapadera, imene yosungirako ndi zoyendera magwero dzuwa, etc.

Anthu njira kuteteza ndi nthenda zoipa particles nyukiliya ndi kukhazikitsa protections wapadera. Iwo zowonetsera wapadera wa thicknesses osiyana. Iwo zopangwidwa kuchokera ku zipangizo zapadera kuti obstruct utuluke mwa particles. Cholinga cha zowonetsera izi ndi kuchepetsa kuti yovomerezedwa mfundo umuna kuntchito. Nthawi zina ntchito ndi magwero cheza ikuchitika zipinda zapadera. M'madera oterewa zowonetsera likhale pansi ndi makoma, kudenga ndi yopangidwa ndi zisulo wapadera.

Mitundu ina ya zida gulu zoteteza

M'mafakitale kumene yosungiramo ikuchitika magwero Popanga madzi a gamma-ray, ntchito safes wapadera. The mfundo kupanga awo ndi zitsulo ndi mtovu.

Kugwira ntchito ndi zinthu nyukiliya, amene Alpha kapena beta ntchito ikuchitika mabokosi zoteteza mogwirizana. Kudzera mwa chitetezo chofanana ndi monga zopereka wapadera ndipo muli kuti anayikidwa zinyansi nyukiliya. Monga kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga zitsulo, organic galasi, kutsogolera etc.

Kuteteza anthu

Zotsatirazi ngozi yaikulu m'mafakitale kuti ntchito magwero a particles nyukiliya, ionizing cheza akhoza kufalitsa kwa m'madera ambiri. Chitetezo cha kutentha Pankhaniyi chikukhudza anthu onse okhala mu zone tsoka. miyeso zina zofunika kwambiri kukhala wathanzi osati kokha, komanso moyo.

Kuteteza anthu ndi cheza ionizing akubweretsa aliyense ayamikira munthu winawake. Awo kukhazikitsa ayenera kukhala:

• kubisala kuseri kwa mpanda wa nyumba ndi nyumba, amene kwambiri kuchepetsa mlingo wa ionizing cheza;
• pamafelemu a nyumba -dense ndi mafelemu, komanso kutseka awatulutsira pofuna kupewa malowedwe a zinthu nyukiliya ku mtsinje mpweya;
• M'sitolo pa madzi akumwa ndi zimitsani wapampopi;
• kugwira ayodini prophylaxis;
• kusonkhanitsa zinthu, mankhwala ndi zikalata zomwe adzafuna, ngati n'koyenera, achoke.

Njira chitetezo cheza ionizing pamene akuyenderera malo lotseguka pazikhalanso chitetezo kupuma. Chifukwa chaichi, pogwiritsa zilipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chopukutira, chidutswa cha zovala, mpango kapena ndi gauze bandeji zimene ziyenera Pre-wasambitsa ndi madzi. Adziteteze ku mavuto cheza ndi khungu adzafunika. Ziyenera kukhala monga zovala kutsekedwa. Chovala amateteza mipango iliyonse.