Cycloalkanes - izo ... cycloalkanes: kupeza chilinganizo, mankhwala ndi thupi katundu

Cycloalkanes - ndi chimasanduka, imene kapangidwe kake ndi dongosolo chatsekedwa. Tiyeni tikambirane mbali ya mankhwala awa, ntchito yawo ntchito.

kalasi Features

ndi cycloalkanes chiyani? Chilinganizo CnH2n kalasi ndikuonetsera kusoweka kwa maatomu wa hydrogen. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo nkhani ziwiri. Kapenanso, kapangidwe ayenera kukhala chomangira awiri mu molekyulu lili kapena dongosolo chatsekedwa. Kodi kapangidwe ka cycloalkanes nazo? Chilinganizo iwo Chofanana choncho yachiwiri, ndiyo kupezeka mu molekyulu ya kapangidwe chatsekedwa. Ndi dongosolo la kulunjika yapadera amachititsa thupi ndi mankhwala katundu wa kalasi ya chimasanduka.

Kodi zosiyanasiyana cycloalkane limafanana zikuchokera C4H8? Kuti mupeze yankho la funso limeneli, m'pofunika kudziwa mitundu ya isomerism, ndiwo khalidwe la cycloalkanes. The isomers awiri ndi Mkhalidwe ndi kachulukidwe zikuchokera mwina ndi dongosolo ozungulira: cyclobutane, methylcyclopropane. Chotero njira yotchedwa isomers wa unyolo mbali.

Popeza cyclo - ichi isomers interclass wa olefins unsaturated Taganizirani mitunduyi zinthu, zomwe wapangidwa ndi ubale awiri. nyumba awiri angathe kukhala mu mawonekedwe zotsatirazi: butene-1 ndi butene-2. Tsatirani funso mmene cycloalkanes osiyanasiyana angathe kukhala kwa chilinganizo akufuna, m'pofunika kuganizira cycloalkanes osati kokha, komanso alkenes. Only mu nkhani iyi kudzakhala kotheka kugonjera yankho lolondola.

Choncho, cyclo - ndi chimasanduka, amene mitundu osachepera awiri a isomerism.

nomenclature Features

Mayina a zenizeni ozungulira hydrocarbon zikuchokera wapatsidwa malinga ndi zimene nomenclature lonse. Pakuti zapansi ntchito nambala mpweya mu dera chatsekedwa. Kenako, ganizirani maatomu alipo unyolo mbali. Mwachitsanzo, methylcyclopropane. Cycloalkanes - ndi mankhwala amene mpweya maatomu ndi sp3 hybrid boma, chimodzimodzi chimasanduka zimalimbikitsa. Mbali imeneyi imalongosola njira zikuluzikulu zomwe kukonzekera ndi khalidwe katundu wa kalasi.

Mungasankhe kulandira cycloalkanes

Kodi ndingafike cycloalkanes? Zitsanzo za zochita zofunika akusonyeza kuti pali zingapo zimene mungachite kuti maphunziro awo. Mwachitsanzo, cyclohexane amapangidwa ndi hydrogenation wa benzene onunkhira. Mankhwala ndi atatu, anayi mphete mpweya maatomu akhoza anawakonzera pogawanikana pamawere ya maselo alkanes halogen digalogenproizvodnyh. Komanso cycloalkanes analandira mu pyrolysis salt zidulo dicarboxylic organic. Kutentha popanda kukhalapo kwa mpweya kumabweretsa mapangidwe a cyclopentane ndi cyclohexane.

katundu mankhwala

Naphthenes katundu mankhwala ofanana chimasanduka zimalimbikitsa. Kwa iwo, achirendo anachita ndi halogens mtundu wa M'MALO. Komanso, nthumwi naphthenes kulowa mankhwala anachita ndi asidi nitric. Cycloalkanes kugonjetsedwa moyikirapo sulfuric asidi. Acid chlorosulfuric ndi oleum zimene n'zothekanso: kenako anaumba okusayidi sulfure (4).

Naphthenes Ndikukhala mamolekyulu mpweya maatomu 5 ndi 6 amaonedwa pawiri mankhwala khola. Koma pamene wadwala bromide kapena zotayidwa enaake, ndi isomerization awo limodzi ndi chiletso kapena ukugwirizana mkombero wapachiyambi.

isomerization

Mwachitsanzo, mu isomerization mitundu ndondomeko, cyclohexane, methylcyclopentane. Mu mafuta anawapeza zosiyanasiyana zotumphukira wa cyclopentane ndi cyclohexane, nthumwi zina naphthenes pali pafupifupi kwina.

Maonekedwe osiyana ndi a m'zinthu yachiwiri tione luso kupanga conformation ngati zimene ena maatomu mpweya akuuzidwa kunja, ndi mkati kuzungulira. kulankhulana amatchedwa intranulyarnymi, ndi iwo amene zili mkati mphete anacemerwa nsinga ekstranulyarnymi.

Mwachitsanzo, kwa pazipita cyclodecane yabwino conformation ankaganiza intranulyarnyh zisanu ndi zinai maatomu ekstranulyarnyh wa hydrogen. Izi zikutanthauza disparity CH2 magulu, kumene munthu amasonyeza mwa kuwonjezeka chomangira mphamvu, bwino katundu mankhwala pawiri lapansi.

Pakuti chimasanduka kukhala 12 kapena kuposa mpweya maatomu, yodziwika conformational kuyenda. Kuyambira pa C-momasuka rotatable, kugwirizana amenewa sakuyenera kuli mitundu trans ndi CIS.

Tsiklany (naphthenes) Kodi muli mafuta zachilengedwe mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera 25 mpaka 75 peresenti. Okhutira kachulukidwe wa iwo zimadalira weighting nusu. The tuzigawo twa mafuta omwe ndi mkulu kuwira mfundo, pali kuwonjezeka mu nyumba onunkhira. Makamaka zambiri naphthenes opezeka Emba ndi Baku mafuta.

The kachulukidwe chiŵerengero kanjedza akwana 80 peresenti. ubale pakati pa mitundu ya mafuta ndi kufalitsa cyclo-ting'onoting'ono. Zochepa kugonjetsedwa ankaona thermodynamically monocyclic chimasanduka omwe yaitali lateral alkyl unyolo. CnH2n kufalitsa mitundu ya nyumba mwachindunji ndi kutentha ntchito distillation a mafuta.

Mwachitsanzo, naphthenes monocyclic si wapezeka pa kutentha osiyanasiyana madigiri 300-350 Celsius, ndi mankhwala bicyclic kutha pa muyeso kutentha chizindikiro madigiri 400 Celsius.

makhalidwe cyclopropane

C3H6 ndi nthumwi zosavuta naphthenes. Izi mankhwala gaseous ndi negligible solubility mu madzi. Pakati pa akuluakulu katundu mankhwala khalidwe la pawiri ndi organic wodzipatula othandizira hydrogenation. The mankhwala a mogwirizana ichi ndi chapamwamba hydrocarbon propane. Komanso, cyclopropane, ena ofanana hydrocarbon, ali anachitira ndi mpweya kupanga carbon dioxide, nthunzi ya madzi, okwanira kuchuluka kwa mphamvu.

Makamaka oimira kalasi

Ngati Tikayerekeza Reflux kutentha kwa oimira cycloalkanes kalasi ndi zizindikiro alkanes nacho nambalayi maatomu mpweya, iwo adzakhala pang'ono apamwamba. chifukwa ndi kapangidwe cyclical a kalasi. kachulukidwe naphthenes kuposa chithunzi cha alkanes, koma pang'ono wolephera m'bwalomo.

Kuti timvetse angati cycloalkanes osiyana zizigwirizana njira, muyenera yofanana osati isomers mitundu ozungulira, komanso ndi mafupa mwachindunji anapeka kotorgo ndi chomangira awiri. Pamaso pa substituents mu molekyulu mu mawonekedwe a ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira hydrocarbon, kuchepetsa mfundo limatsogolera wa cycloalkane lapansi.

Tikaona katundu thupi ndi mankhwala a kalasi ya chimasanduka, n'zotheka kuchita makonzedwe magawano zinthu pa mankhwala ndi m'zinthu otsika (zitatu kapena zinayi), muyezo (zisanu ndi chimodzi, zisanu), sing'anga (kuyambira eyiti khumi), ndi m'zinthu zazikulu (ku carbons khumi).

Madera a ntchito

Tiyeni tikambirane zimene ntchito yaikulu cycloalkanes. Naphthenes ntchito mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, cyclopropane ndi chomwa mankhwalawa mankhwala. Cyclopentane imatengedwa zosungunulira wabwino, chikunenera mu kaphatikizidwe organic. Cyclohexane chofunika zochita mankhwala kaphatikizidwe nayiloni, nayiloni (polyamide ulusi anatola), kuwonjezera, chikunenera kubala benzene. Zimalimbikitsa alkanes ndi cycloalkanes adzalandira otsika reactivity. Zimenezi singalifotokoze otsika polarity C-C muzikondana. Komanso kwambiri kuchuluka kwa cycloalkanes ntchito makampani mankhwala a.

Pomaliza

Zosakaniza chimasanduka munthu ndi naphthenes ntchito popanga lubricants. Oimira gulu ili la chimasanduka amatha kusintha ntchitoyo utsi dizilo. Mwachitsanzo, cycloalkanes zowonjezera zayamba kumawonjezera chiwerengero octeni, kumaonjezera kukhuthala, kumaonjezera kuyaka kutentha kwa injini. N'chifukwa chake cycloalkanes si olekanitsidwa mankhwala mafuta woyengeka, ndi kusiya gawo la mafuta nusu.

Limafotokoza naphthenes ntchito ngati mankhwala ndiponso. Cycloalkanes ndi kulemera pafupifupi maselo ntchito pa ulimi wa detergents kupanga. naphthenes chokwanira ndipo amapita monga mafuta, kuyambira yambiri kutentha pa kuyaka awo.