Manganese (mankhwala chinthu): katundu ndi ntchito, ndi zoti mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni, mfundo zosangalatsa

Mmodzi wa zitsulo zofunika kwambiri zitsulo ndi manganese. Komanso, ambirife zachilendo kwambiri amafotokozera, amene amagwirizana ndi mfundo zochititsa chidwi. Zofunika kwa zamoyo, m'pofunika pokonza kasakaniza wazitsulo ambiri, mankhwala. Manganese - chinthu mankhwala, ndi chithunzi chimene Tingaone pansipa. Zinali katundu wake ndi makhalidwe m'nkhani ino.

Khalidwe mankhwala amafotokozera

Ngati ife kulankhula za manganese monga mchitidwe wa dongosolo nthawi, chinthu choyamba ayenera kukhala nalo malo ake izo.

1. Ndi ili mu nyengo yachinayi kwambiri, gulu wachisanu ndi chiwiri, boma magulu.
2. Siriyo chiwerengero - 25. manganese - mchitidwe, wakusunga mitima umene uli wofanana maatomu 25. chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi ndi nyutironi chomwecho - 30.
3. Mtengo wa misa atomiki - 54,938.
4. Zoti mankhwala manganese mchitidwe - MN.
5. Latin dzina - manganese.

Lili pakati pa chromium ndi chitsulo, limafotokoza zimene n'zofanana ndi iwo mu maonekedwe ndi mankhwala.

Manganese - chinthu mankhwala: kusintha zitsulo

Ngati tikambirana anapatsidwa atomu elekitironi kasinthidwe, chilinganizo ake adzakhala mawonekedwe: 1s 2s ^{2 2 2} 2p ⁶ 3s 3p ⁶ 4S ² 3D ^5. Iwo zimaonekera kuti malipoti kukhudzana mchitidwe - ndi kusintha zitsulo za D-banja. Zisanu ma elekitironi mu nkhani 3D-sublevel za mtendere wa atomu, amene akuwonekera mu mankhwala katundu wake.

Monga zitsulo kuchepetsa ndi manganese, koma ambiri a mankhwala ake anatha kuonetsa ndi mokwanira amphamvu oxidizing luso. Ichi ndi chifukwa madigiri osiyanasiyana makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndipo valences, amene ali chinthu yogwira. Izi ndi mbali ya banja zitsulo.

Choncho, manganese - mankhwala amafotokozera, yomwe ili pakati maatomu ena, ndipo ndi makhalidwe yake yapadera. Taganizirani zimene katundu zimenezi mwatsatanetsatane.

Manganese - chinthu mankhwala. digiri makutidwe ndi okosijeni

Ife alembedwa chilinganizo pakompyuta wa maatomu. Malinga ndi iye, chinthu ichi amatha moyenera makutidwe ndi okosijeni limati. Ali:

• 0;
• +2;
• 3;
• 4;
• 6;
• 7.

The valence la atomu ndi IV. Khola ambiri mankhwala anthu amene amatsatira mfundo zabwino zimachitika manganese +2, +4, +6. Mlingo wapamwamba wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni amalola mankhwala kuchita oxidants wamphamvu. Mwachitsanzo: KMnO _4, MN ₂ O _7.

Mankhwala ndi nthumwi ziwiri kuchepetsa ndi hydroxide, manganese (II) ali katundu amphoteric, ndi predominance wa zofunika. madigiri wapakatikati zizindikiro makutidwe ndi okosijeni kupanga amphoteric pawiri.

History of anapeza

Manganese - chinthu mankhwala kuti chatsegulidwa mwakamodzi, koma pang'onopang'ono asayansi osiyana. Komabe, kugwirizana, anthu ntchito kuyambira nthawi zakale. Manganese okusayidi (IV) ankagwiritsa ntchito kusungunuka galasi. Mmodzi Italy ananena kuti Kuwonjezera pawiri ichi akupereka mtundu wawo wofiirira kupanga mankhwala galasi. Pamodzi ndi uwu, chinthu chomwecho amathandiza kuthetsa turbidity mu magalasi akuda.

Kenako mu Austria wasayansi Qaim amalowerera analandira chidutswa cha manganese zachitsulo, kumvera mkulu kutentha pyurolizit (manganese okusayidi (IV)), potashi ndi malasha. Komabe, nyemba anali kwambiri zosafunika, kuthetsa kuti iye sakanakhoza, kotero kutsegula sizinachitike.

Kenako wasayansi wina apanga monga osakaniza imene chiwerengero kwambiri nkhani zitsulo choyera. Zinali Bergman, kale anapeza chinthu faifi tambala. Komabe, kubweretsa nkhani lisanathe sikudakhala kukhala.

Manganese - chinthu mankhwala, zomwe zakonzedwa ndi olekanitsidwa mu mawonekedwe a chinthu yosavuta kwa nthawi yoyamba anakwanitsa Karlu Sheele mu 1774. Komabe, iye ndi I. Hahn, amene wamaliza ndondomeko kusungunuka zitsulo chidutswa. Koma ngakhale sanathe kwathunthu kuchotsa izo zosafunika ndi kupeza 100% zokolola.

Komabe, nthawi iyi anali atulukira maatomu. Izi asayansi yemweyo amene amafuna kupereka dzina upainiya. Iwo akuti manganezium linasankhidwa. Komabe, pambuyo anapeza ya magnesium anayamba chisokonezo ndi dzina manganese linasinthidwa kukhala pano (H. Davide, 1908).

Popeza manganese - chinthu mankhwala amene katundu ali wofunika kwambiri kwa njira zambiri zitsulo, pa nthawi panafunika akupezabe njira kubala mu mawonekedwe changwiro kwambiri. Vutoli anali anathana ndi asayansi padziko lonse, koma anali wokhoza anatsimikiza yekha mu 1919 kudzera m'ntchito ya R. Agladze - Soviet wasayansi ndi sayansi. Ndiko kuti, anapeza njira zimene zingakhale sulphates ndi chlorides ya manganese ndi electrolysis kupeza koyera zitsulo mankhwala zili 99,98%. Tsopano njira imeneyi ntchito padziko lonse.

Kukhala chikhalidwe

Manganese - chinthu mankhwala, chithunzi cha chinthu zosavuta Tingaone pansipa. Mu chikhalidwe, pali ambiri isotopes atomu, chiwerengero cha neutrons imene zosiyana kwambiri. Choncho, manambala misa zosiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana kuchokera 44 69. Komabe, yekha khola isotope cha mchitidwe wokhala ndi mtengo wa ⁵⁵ MN, ena ndi negligibly lalifupi theka moyo, kapena pali zedi chochepa.

Popeza manganese - mankhwala mchitidwe imene mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni zimasiyanasiyana kwambiri, ndi mankhwala mu zachilengedwe ndipamene kwambiri. Mu mawonekedwe woyera, amafotokozera sapezeka konse. Mchere ndi ores okhazikika mnzake - chitsulo. Total zotheka kuti uzipereke ena mwa miyala zofunika, monga manganese.

1. Pyrolusite. A pawiri wa chilinganizo: MnO ₂ * NH ₂ O.
2. Psilomelane molekyulu MnO2 * mMnO * nH2O.
3. Manganite chilinganizo MnO * HA.
4. Braunite n'kukhala kuposa ena. Dongosolo la MN ₂ O _3.
5. Hausmannite chilinganizo MN * MN ₂ O _4.
6. Rodonite MN ₂ (SiO _{3) 2.}
7. Manganese carbonate miyala.
8. Rasipiberi spar rhodochrosite kapena - MnCO _3.
9. Pepo - MN ₃ PO _4.

Komanso, n'zotheka tisonyezeni mchere zingapo zomwe zikuphatikizapo zinthu pansi kulingalira. Ali:

• calcite;
• siderite;
• mchere dongo;
• kalikedo;
• opal;
• mchenga ndi matope pawiri.

Kuwonjezera migodi ndi nyanja miyala, mchere, manganese - mchitidwe mankhwala amene m'gulu zikuchokera monga:

1. Bzalani zamoyo. The abulusa waukulu mchitidwe awa: madzi mgoza, duckweed, diatoms.
2. Dzimbiri bowa.
3. Mitundu ina ya mabakiteriya.
4. Zotsatirazi nyama wofiira nyerere, nkhanu.
5. Anthu - kufunika tsiku za 3-5 mg.
6. M'nyanja muli 0,3% madzi a chinthu ichi.
7. The zili kwathunthu mu kutumphuka wa 0.1% ndi kulemera.

Ambiri, ndi 14 ambiri mchitidwe zonse za dziko lathu. Mwa chitsulo heavy metal pambuyo wachiwiri.

thupi katundu

Kwa katundu wa manganese monga mankhwala osavuta, pali zingapo zofunika thupi makhalidwe izo.

1. Mu chinthu yosavuta ndi zitsulo mokwanira molimba (Mohs 'lonse index ndi 4). Mtundu - silvery woyera, mpweya yokutidwa ndi zoteteza okusayidi filimu pa gawo chonyezimira.
2. Mfundo limatsogolera wa 1246 ⁰ C.
3. Otentha - 2061 ⁰ C.
4. Conductive katundu zabwino, ndi paramagnetic.
5. Zitsulo kachulukidwe ndi 7,44 g / masentimita ^3.
6. Pali mu mawonekedwe a polymorphs anayi (α, β, γ, σ), zimasiyanasiyana kapangidwe ndi latisi mawonekedwe ndi osalimba kulongedza katundu wa ma atomu. Komanso osiyana limatsogolera awo kutentha.

Mu zitsulo ntchito njira zitatu za manganese: β, γ, σ. Alpha kawirikawiri, chifukwa kwambiri osalimba katundu wake.

katundu mankhwala

Kwa zasayansi, manganese - mankhwala mchitidwe amene ion mlandu zimasiyanasiyana kwambiri +2 kuti +7. Iyo ikuchoka chizindikiro chake pa ntchito yake. The ufulu mawonekedwe manganese mu mpweya pang'ono kwambiri amachitira ndi madzi, sungunuka zidulo kuchepetsa. Komabe, muyenera kokha kuonjezera kutentha zitsulo monga ntchito kumawonjezera kwambiri.

Choncho, amatha yatikhudza ndi:

• asafe;
• mpweya;
• halogens;
• pakachitsulo;
• phosphorous;
• sulfa ndi ena omwe si zitsulo.

Pamene usavutike zitsulo popanda mpweya mosavuta akudutsa mu boma nthunzi. Malinga mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni, omwe akusonyeza manganese ndi mankhwala wake ndi kuchepetsa wothandizila ndi wothandizila oxidizing. Ena kuonetsa katundu amphoteric. Choncho, khalidwe zikuluzikulu za mankhwala, amene +2. Amphoteric - 4, ndi amphamvu oxidizing asidi mu mtengo wapatali kwambiri wa +7.

Ngakhale mfundo yakuti manganese - ndi kusintha zitsulo mankhwala zovuta ndi yochepa. Ichi ndi chifukwa khola elekitironi kasinthidwe wa atomu, pakuti 3D-sublayer lili 5 ma elekitironi.

Njira lokonzekera

Pali njira zitatu zikuluzikulu zimene manganese zakonzedwa makampani (mankhwala mchitidwe). Kodi kuwerenga mutu Latin, ife kale anasankha - manganum. Ngati timamasulira mu Russian, zidzakhala "Inde limamveketsa discolors". Choncho dzina manganese chofunika kuti aonetse katundu kudziwika kwa nthawi yakale kwambiri.

Komabe, ngakhale kutchuka, kulowa mu mtundu woyera ntchito anakwanitsa yekha mu 1919. Izi zachitika mwa njira zotsatirazi.

1. Electrolysis, mankhwala zipatso ndi 99,98%. Mu njira iyi, manganese makampani mankhwala a.
2. Silicothermic kapena kuchira ntchito pakachitsulo. Njira imeneyi pali maphatikizidwe wa pakachitsulo ndi manganese okusayidi (IV), chifukwa mu zitsulo yoyera. zipatso ndi za 68%, chifukwa manganese pawiri ndi limapanga ndi pakachitsulo mu silicide. Njira ntchito makampani zitsulo.
3. Aluminothermic njira - ayambe ntchito ntchito zotayidwa. Komanso si zipatso kwambiri, manganese zakhudzana ndi zosafunika.

Kupanga zitsulo ndi zofunika kwa njira ambiri anachita mu zitsulo. Ngakhale Kuwonjezera ka manganese amatha amatsogolera katundu wa kasakaniza wazitsulo ndi. Iwo imatsimikizirika kuti amasungunula zitsulo ambiri, nadzaza galasi latisi ake.

Kufufuza ndi kupanga chinthu ichi Russia tithe yoyamba padziko lonse. Komanso, ndondomeko imeneyi ikuchitika m'mayiko monga:

• China.
• South Africa.
• Kazakhstan.
• Georgia.
• Ukraine.

Ntchito pakampani

Manganese - chinthu mankhwala, ntchito chimene chiri chofunika osati zitsulo. komanso m'madera ena. Kuwonjezera pa zitsulo mu mawonekedwe woyera, ndi zofunika kwambiri ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana atomu ili. Potanthauza akuluakulu.

1. Pali mitundu ingapo ya kasakaniza wazitsulo, amene, chifukwa manganese ndi wapadera katundu. Mwachitsanzo, Hadfield zitsulo ndi olimba kuti ntchito yadothi mbali excavator, thanthwe processing makina, grinders, mphero mpira, zinthu zida.
2. Manganese woipa - electroplating zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni kumanga amafotokozera, amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pamene kupanga depolarizer.
3. mankhwala ambiri ya manganese ndi zofunika syntheses zosiyanasiyana za zinthu organic.
4. Potaziyamu permanganate (potaziyamu permanganate kapena) ntchito mankhwala monga amphamvu wothandizila antiseptic.
5. mchitidwe Izi m'gulu zikuchokera mkuwa, mkuwa, ndipamene aloyi yake ndi mkuwa, zomwe akutumikira kupanga ndege turbines, masamba, ndi zina.

Udindo kwachilengedwenso

Lamulo pa tsiku kwa manganese anthu ndi 3-5 mg. Chakuchepa kwa mchitidwe umenewu umatipatsa kupondereza wamanjenje dongosolo, kugona chisokonezo ndi nkhawa, chizungulire. udindo wake ndi asanamvetsetse, koma zikuonekeratu kuti, poyamba pa zonse, izo ziri ndi mbali yaikulu:

• kukula;
• ntchito zopangitsa kugonana;
• ntchito mahomoni;
• mapangidwe magazi.

mchitidwe uwu alipo zomera zonse, nyama, munthu, izo zikutsimikizira kwachilengedwenso ntchito zake zofunika.

mfundo zochititsa chidwi za katunduyo

Manganese - chinthu mankhwala, chidwi mfundo zomwe angathe tisangalatse wina, ndi bwino n'kofunika. Apa ndi anthu ofunika kwambiri, zomwe anapeza chizindikiro chake mu mbiri ya chitsulo.

1. Mu nthawi ya Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni mu USSR, mmodzi wa mankhwala katundu poyamba zinali miyala munali wambirimbiri manganese.
2. Ngati woipa manganese angakondwere nazo zosakaniza ndi hydroxide potaziyamu ndi nitrate, kenako mankhwala anali kusungunuka mu madzi, kutembenuka kuyamba zodabwitsa. Choyamba, yankho adzatembenuza wobiriwira ndipo kenako kwa buluu coloration adzasintha pambuyo - Pepo. Pomaliza, rasipiberi ndi pang'onopang'ono kugwa bulauni precipitate. Ngati osakaniza kugwedeza, ndiye kachiwiri kubwezeretsedwa wobiriwira ndi zonse zidzachitika kachiwiri. Ndi chifukwa permanganate izi potaziyamu ndi dzina lake, amene anamasuliridwa kuti "mchere chameleon".
3. Ngati mu nthaka kuti apange feteleza munali manganese, ndiye malidza kuonjezera zokolola ndi mlingo wa dzuwa. Zima tirigu mbewu adzakhala bwino.
4. The chipika lalikulu la mchere manganese rhodonite matani 47 ndipo anapezeka mu Urals.
5. Pali aloyi ternary otchedwa manganin. Iwo mbali monga mkuwa, manganese ndi faifi tambala. Ndi wapadera kuti ali ndi lalikulu kukana magetsi, amene sadalira kutentha koma mchikakamizo cha mavuto.

Ndithudi, izi si zokhazo zomwe ziripo ku kunena za zitsulo izi. Manganese - chinthu mankhwala, mfundo zosangalatsa amene ali osiyanasiyana ndithu. Makamaka ngati tikukamba za katundu kuti amapereka kasakaniza wazitsulo zosiyanasiyana.