Boma la nkhani

Thupi kapena thupi boma la nkhani yodziwika ndi katundu yake yeniyeni m'mikhalidwe yeniyeni (kuthamanga ndi kutentha). Ndiko kuti, mwina olimba, madzi kapena gaseous. Kusintha boma mankhwala akaphatikiza amachititsa kusintha ake katundu thupi (osalimba, mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito, free mphamvu). Ali boma olimba, ndi tithe kukhala ndi buku atathana ndi mawonekedwe. Kutembenukira kwa madzimadzi pa buku yemweyo, kusintha mawonekedwe, kusinthasintha kwa chotengera kapena chidebe. Monga mpweya, chinthu chomwecho si kusunga osati mawonekedwe komanso kuchuluka monga lakamba zambiri, nudzaza danga lonse.

Mwachitsanzo, boma la loitanirana wa madzi akhale olimba, madzi kapena gaseous. Mu ichi chilinganizo mankhwala (H2O) ndi molekyulu (maatomu wa hydrogen awiri mpweya atomu) sizimasintha. Pa kutentha pakati pa 0 ° C ndi poyerekeza ndi mu boma olimba ndipo amatchedwa ayezi. Kuchokera 0 ° C kwa 99,944 ° C ndi colorless (kwa mabuku ang'onoang'ono) anali mandala madzi, odorless ndi zoipa. Pa kutentha 99.944 ° C akudutsa mu gawo gaseous ndipo amatchedwa nthunzi. Chitsanzo chimenechi chikusonyeza kuti boma akaphatikiza wa thunthu zimasiyanasiyana ndi zinthu kunja. Pankhaniyi, pafupifupi munthu kusintha kuthamanga yozungulira, koma kusintha kutentha, ayezi chimasungunula pa 0 ° C ndi kutembenukira kwa madzi, ndi kuti zithupsa pa 99,944 ° C ndi ukuphwera, kwasanduka nthunzi.

Madzi tinganene kuti amasiyana katundu wawo, kukhala mu maiko osiyanasiyana loitanirana. Ice kachulukidwe wofanana 0,917 g / cm³, madzi pa zinthu muyezo wa 0,9982 g / cm³, nthunzi ya madzi (komanso m'mikhalidwe muyezo) - zosakwana 0,001 g / cm³. Mphamvu kukhuthala madzi pa mfundo limatsogolera ayezi (kutentha yozizira koopsa madzi) ndi wofanana: μ = 1.793 · 103 Pa · s ndipo pa 20 ° C zazikulu kukhuthala madzi: μ = 1.003 · 10ˉ³ Pas. Motero, boma akaphatikiza chuma ndi katundu zimakhala pa gawo kusintha. kusintha amakhala ndi mfundo limatsogolera (nkhani olimba amakhala madzi) wofanana ndi crystallization kutentha (madzi solidifies) ndi kuwira (madzi akulowa mpweya) wofanana ndi condensation kutentha (mpweya umakhala madzi).

Kuyenera anatsindika kuti boma la loitanirana ndi zinthu zimadalira kapangidwe kake. Mwachitsanzo, m'mikhalidwe zofanana zakunja zinthu zosiyanasiyana amasiyana katundu wawo. M'mikhalidwe wabwinobwino, madzi H2O - ndi madzi. Haidrojeni H2 ndi O2 mpweya - ndi mpweya. Iron Fe - olimba (zake limatsogolera kutentha 1538,9 ° C, kuwira kutentha kwa 2860,9 ° C). Koma wina ndi boma lomwelo la loitanirana kwa zinthu chosiyana ndi zina zofanana.

Mwachitsanzo, kwa mpweya yodziwika ndi mphamvu zochepa za mogwirizana intermolecular. Choncho, mamolekyulu awo anapatukana pa mtunda lalikulu. Mipweya chifukwa akhoza wothinikizidwa kwambiri. Mamolekyulu mpweya mowirikiza kusuntha, ndi chisonyezo ndi wachisokonezo. Ichi ndi chimene akufotokoza luso zinthu gaseous kudzaza buku lonse wogawana, iwo anapereka: Mitundu ya mpweya kutenga mawonekedwe ndi buku la chidebe imene ili.

Pakati pa madzimadzi gaseous ndi zolimba mu malo wapakatikati. Ndi kuwonjezeka kutentha, iwo ali ofanana ku mipweya, ndi kuchepa mu kutentha, iwo kwambiri amafanana zina zosafunika. madzi mamolekyulu mwamphamvu kwambiri anaika kupyolera Amowabu kukopa mphamvu therebetween. maphunziro X-ray asonyeza kuti iwo ndi zina zoyamba za chokhala dongosolo krustalo.

zolimba ndi nthawi zina mitundu ndi mabuku. Kusintha iwo m'pofunika khama, kuyambira mamolekyulu, maatomu ndi ayoni zima- cholukanalukana. The particles wa nkhaniyi olimba sanayende momasuka chifukwa kusunga dongosolo mwagwirizana ndi za malo anachita analamula kusinthasintha mgwirizano. Awiri odziwika boma la zolimba - amorphous ndi crystalline. ndi timibulu otsiriza yodziwika ndi maonekedwe enieni iwo. Mwachitsanzo, timibulu sodium kolorayidi NaCl amafanana ndi mawonekedwe a kyubu ndi, KNO3 potaziyamu nitrate - prism ndi zina zotero. Kapangidwe ka amorphous - izo mosintha sagregatirovannye molekyulu. Mosiyana crystalline mankhwala kusungunuka pa kutentha zina, yodziwika ndi lonse imeneyi amorphous limatsogolera kutentha. Nthawi zina ankachita monga madzi ndi kukhuthala kwambiri. Pamene zinthu kusintha, imene oipa wothandizila zikachitika, zikhoza kuchitika, monga crystalline ndi mu boma amorphous.

Thupi boma mankhwala ndi zina ananenedwa ngati galasi madzi kapena madzi a m'magazi. Koma izi si tanthauzo lolondola. nkhani amafuna kuphunzira osiyana ndi mwatsatanetsatane, kotero m'nkhani ino si bwanji ndi boma la nkhaniyi.