Malamulo Basic la cholowa cha makhalidwe, Mendel anakhazikitsa: kulongosola nchito

Anthu nthawi zonse chidwi malamulo a cholowa. N'chifukwa chiyani ana amafanana ndi makolo awo? Kodi pali chiopsezo kufala kwa matenda otengera kwa makolo? Awa ndi mafunso ena ambiri anakhala sikukudziŵika mpaka m'ma XIX. Zinali ndiye Mendel anatha kudziunjikira nzeru zonse anasonkhanitsa nkhaniyo komanso ndi mayesero chipangizo mawunikidwe kukhazikitsa malamulo achindunji.

chopereka Mendel kuti chitukuko cha chibadwa

malamulo Basic la cholowa cha makhalidwe - izi ndi mfundo malinga ndi zimene makhalidwe ena wadutsa kuchokera ku zamoyo kholo ana awo. anatulukira ndi mawu omveka bwino a mtengo yavlya.tsya Gregor Mendel, amene anachita pa nkhani zatsopano zambiri.

Kupambana waukulu wasayansi wa - umboni wa chikhalidwe apawokha wa chibadwa. M'mawu ena, aliyense Mbali limafanana losokonekera makamaka. Mapu oyamba zinamangidwa kwa chimanga ndi Drosophila. Yotsirizira ndi chinthu chakale chifukwa zatsopano chibadwa.

mtengo Mendel sangathe kukambapo, monga iwo amati, ndi asayansi athu. Choncho, zachibadwa wotchuka Resovskii Timofeev ananena kuti Mendel anali woyamba amene adaperekeza zatsopano lofunika anapereka kufotokoza molondola chododometsa zimene poyamba analipo pa mlingo wa malingaliro. Choncho, tinganene kuti mpainiya maganizo masamu m'munda wa zamoyo ndi chibadwa.

akalambula

Tikumbukenso kuti chito za cholowa cha makhalidwe Mendelian sanali anakonza mu zingalowe m'malo a. kafukufuku zinali zochokera anapeza akalambula. Kuyenera makamaka taonera asayansi awa:

• J .. Goss imachitika zatsopano pa nandolo, kudutsa zomera ndi zipatso za mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Ndi kuyamika maphunziro awa malamulo a pachilichonse za hybrids m'badwo woyamba ankagwidwa, komanso chosakwanira ulamuliro. Mendel yekha concretized ndipo anatsimikizira amanena.
• Augustin Sarzhe - wodzala amene anasankha zatsopano wake cucurbits. Iye loyamba anayamba kuphunzira makhalidwe cholowa sali pamodzi ndi payekha. Iye amakhala mawu kuti kusakanizidwa ndi mnzake mu kufala kwa makhalidwe osiyanasiyana. Choncho, chibadwa nthawi zonse.
• Naudin wachita kafukufuku pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera monga Datura. Atalipenda zotsatira, iye anaona kuti ndi bwino kulankhula zokhudza kukhala mbali lalikulu, lomwe nthawi zambiri chidzagonjetsa.

Motero, pofika m'zaka za m'ma XIX zikanadziwika zochitika monga ulamuliro, pachilichonse za m'badwo woyamba, komanso otchulidwa wotsatira mu combinatorics hybrids. Komabe, regularities ambiri opangidwa sanali. Ndi kusanthula zomwe amapeza ndi chitukuko cha njira yodalirika kufufuza ndi mtengo waukulu Mendel.

Njira ntchito Mendel a

Dongosolo la cholowa cha makhalidwe Mendelian anali kukonza chifukwa cha kafukufuku zofunika. ntchito wasayansi ndi motere:

• makhalidwe kumtundu si ankaona pamodzi ndi munthu aliyense payekha;
• kwa kusanthula m'malo mwa kusankha okha zinthu zimene zikuimira kusiyana yokulirapo pakati pa mitundu (n'zotheka bwino kufotokoza chito za cholowa cha ndondomekoyi);
• maphunziro akhala lofunika (Mendel kuphunzira zambiri zosiyanasiyana nandolo, amene anali onse oyera ndi hybrid, kenako anawoloka "mbewu"), zomwe aloledwa kulankhura za Kudziwa za zotsatira;
• Gwiritsani ntchito njira yolondola kachulukidwe mu kusanthula deta (ntchito chidziwitso cha chiphunzitso cha Mwina, Mendel yafupika mlingo wa zolakwika mwachisawawa).

Lamulo la pachilichonse za hybrids

Poganizira malamulo cholowa m'pofunika kupereka ulemu wapadera kwa pachilichonse za hybrids m'badwo woyamba. Iwo anapeza mwa zochitika, limene opangidwa mwakusakaniza kholo mitundu ndi chimodzi zosiyana Mbali (mawonekedwe, mtundu ndi zina zotero. D.).

Mendel anaganiza kuchita kuyesera pa mitundu iwiri ya nandolo - ndi maluwa ofiira ndi oyera. Chifukwa, ndi hybrids m'nthawi ya m'badwo alandira wofiirira inflorescences. Motero, chifukwa kulankhula za kukhalapo kwa makhalidwe lalikulu ndi recessive.

Dziwani kuti zinachitikira Mendel anali yekha. Iye anagwiritsa ntchito kuyetsa ena mithunzi zomera inflorescence, akalumikidzidwa wa zipatso, osiyana tsinde kutalika ndi zina zimene mungachite. Empirically, iye anatha kutsimikizira kuti onse oyamba kuti ndi yunifolomu hybrids yodziwika ndi mbali lalikulu.

chosakwanira ulamuliro

Bwino funso limeneli, monga chito za cholowa cha makhalidwe, zatsopano inkachitikira monga zomera, ndi mwa zamoyo. Choncho, anapezeka kuti si nthawi zonse zizindikiro ndi mu ubale wa ulamuliro wathunthu ndi yimitsira. Mwachitsanzo, pamene nkhuku anawoloka mtundu wakuda ndi woyera umakhoza imvi mbewu. Kotero izo zinali ndi ena zomera monga mitundu ndi maluwa wofiirira ndi woyera pa linanena bungwe anapatsidwa pinki mithunzi. Choncho, n'zotheka kusintha mfundo yoyamba, kusonyeza kuti mbadwo hybrids adzakhala ndi zizindikiro zomwezo, ndipo iwo akhoza kukhala zokhwima.

zizindikiro akuwaza

Kupitiriza kufufuza malamulo cholowa Mendel kuti kunali koyenera kuti nkhani kudutsa awiri m'badwo woyamba kubadwa (heterozygous). Chifukwa, mbewu zimapezeka limene mbali anali wa khalidwe lalikulu, ndi zina - ndi recessive. Kuchokera pamenepa tinganene kuti chizindikiro zazing'ono m'badwo woyamba wa hybrids si kutha palimodzi, koma kuletsedwa ndipo chikhoza zimachitika ana wotsatira.

cholowa palokha

mafunso ambiri chifukwa malamulo a cholowa. Zatsopano anakhudzanso anthu Mendel, amene amasiyana ndi mnzake mu mbali zingapo. Pakuti aliyense dongosolo yapita anati payokha. Koma tsopano, kuyang'ana pa kuchotsedwa zizindikiro, analephera kuzindikira dongosolo aliyense pakati pa ma awo. Motero, pali zifukwa kulankhula za ufulu wolandira cholowa.

chiyero lamulo la gametes

Ena dongosolo la cholowa anakhazikitsa Mendel, anali mwangwiro Wonenedwa. Tikuyankhula zokhudza chilamulo cha chiyero cha gametes, chomwe chakuti iwo zathandiza allele imodzi awiri ali jini ya mbalame kholo.

Mu nthawi ya Mendel analibe njira luso kutsimikiza amanena. Komabe, wasayansi anatha kupanga mawu ambiri. Kwenikweni ake imakhala chakuti pa mapangidwe makhalidwe hybrids cholowa zasungidwa mu mawonekedwe zikutsatiridwa, ndi sizimayenderana.

zinthu zofunika

Chibadwa - sayansi kuti amaphunzira malamulo a cholowa. Mendel anathandiza kwambiri kuti chitukuko, atakulitsa malo lofunika pa nkhaniyi. Komabe, kuti iwo kuthamanga, muyenera kutsatira zotsatirazi zinthu zofunikira:

• mitundu choyambirira ayenera kukhala homozygous;
• Zizindikiro alternativeness;
• Mwina womwewo wa mapangidwe alleles osiyana mu hybrid ya;
• umene uli wofanana ndi viability wa gametes;
• pamene gametes umuna ophatikizana mosintha;
• zygotes ndi osakaniza zosiyana za chibadwa mofanana yotheka;
• chiwerengero cha anthu a m'badwo wachiwiri ayenera kokwanira kugwira zotsatira analandira zonse;
• mawonetseredwe a zizindikiro sayenera kudalira chikoka cha zinthu kunja.

Tikumbukenso kuti deta kudziika limafanana zamoyo ambiri, kuphatikizapo munthu.

Dongosolo la cholowa cha makhalidwe anthu

Ngakhale kuti poyamba ankafufuza mfundo majini chomera Mwachitsanzo, zinyama ndi anthu, iwonso chomveka. Ndi ponena mitundu ya cholowa mtengo:

• Autosomal lalikulu - lalikulu cholowa cha makhalidwe amene isanafalikire ndi autosomes. Mu nkhani iyi, fenotayipi ikhoza kukhala kwambiri lofotokozedwa, ndipo sadzachitanso noticeable. Mu mtundu uwu wa cholowa cha imabwera mwana nthenda allele makolo ndi 50%.
• Autosomal recessive - cholowa zizindikiro sekondale chikugwirizana ndi autosomes lapansi. Matendawa anaonetsa homozygotes, mmene alleles onse akhudzidwa.
• Wamphamvu X-zogwirizana mtundu kumafuna posamutsa makhalidwe lalikulu majini deterministic. Mu nkhani iyi, matenda akazi zimachitika kawiri zambiri kuposa abambo.
• X-zogwirizana Recessive Mtundu - cholowa limapezeka pa mbali ofooka. Matenda kapena mbali yake payekha nthawi akuwonetseredwa mu mwana wamwamuna, ndipo akazi - yekha m'chigawo homozygous.

mfundo zofunika

Pofuna kumvetsa mmene dongosolo la cholowa cha makhalidwe ntchito Mendel ndi njira zina majini ayenera kuphunzira matanthauzo zikuluzikulu ndi mfundo. Zikuphatikizapo zotsatirazi:

• Lalikulu Mbali - mbali osakhala amene amachita monga chikhalidwe kudziwa ndi limaleka chitukuko cha jini recessive.
• Recessive khalidwe - khalidwe, umene anatengera, koma sangachite monga kwambiri.
• Homozygote - diploid payekha kapena foni DNA okhala selo womwewo wa jini lapansi.
• Heterozygote - diploids kapena maselo amene amapereka pogawanikana pamawere ndi ali alleles osiyana mkati jini limodzi.
• Allele - izi ndi imodzi mwa njira njira ya mbewu, yomwe ili ku malo enieni a khromozomu ndi yodziwika ndi ndondomeko yapadera nyukiliotayidi.
• Allele - awiri imene imachititsa kuti zili m'madera chomwecho DNA magazi ndi kulamulira chitukuko cha makhalidwe ena.
• majini Non-allelic ili mbali zosiyana DNA ndipo ali ndi udindo mawonetseredwe a zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana.

Pomaliza

Mendel anakonza ndi kutsimikiziridwa malamulo yaikulu ya cholowa. mafotokozedwe awo chikuperekedwa chitsanzo cha zomera ndi pang'ono m'Chingelezi chosavuta. Komabe, m'pomveka zamoyo zonse.