Development: malamulo a Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe. Malamulo Development Economic

Ena mwa malamulo onse a chitukuko cha machitidwe Angagwiritsidwenso ntchito poyerekezera ndi anthu. Pamene tikukamba za injini, tikutanthauza lonse limene lapangidwa ndi ziwalo ndi mgwirizano. Mgwirizano umenewu, umene uli wofunika kwambiri, Sichikupezeka zanyengo constituent.

Company ndilo dongosolo ndi kusonkhanitsa m'bungwe la anthu. Ife tili mbali zonse za izo, ambiri a ife akudabwa momwe iwo akupangidwa. Malamulo a angapezeke kuganizira gwero la patsogolo. Anthu kucheza atatu muzochitika chenicheni "maiko," womwe si reducible kwa wina ndi mzake. Ndi choyamba, dziko la zinthu zachilengedwe kuti alipo popanda malingaliro ndi chifuniro cha munthu, ndiko kuti, cholinga ndi phunziro kwa malamulo osiyana a sayansi. Kachiwiri, ndi dziko limene akutsutsa ndi zinthu ndi munthu lawo, chifukwa iwo ali mankhwala a zochita za anthu, ntchito yake. Dziko lachitatuli ndi subjectivity anthu, ndi osadalira pa dziko zolinga ndi mfundo zazikulu za maganizo wauzimu. Ali ndi digiri chachikulu cha ufulu.

Nature monga gwero la Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe

Mu dziko la chikhalidwe ndi gwero woyamba kuonetsetsa Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe. Malamulo a Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe m'mbuyomu ankagwiritsa kuzindikiridwa ndi kudalira izo. Ndi maziko a kuli anthu, umenenso zimavuta nazo bwino. Musaiwale kuti malamulo a chilengedwe kwachititsa kuti maonekedwe a munthu. Chitukuko waukulu characteristically, anabadwa mu makama a mitsinje yaikulu, ndi bwino kwambiri mu dziko la chitukuko cha dongosolo capitalist anali zikuchitika m'mayiko ndi kuzizira.

Tikumbukenso kuti gawo lino la zimachitika pakati pa anthu ndi chikhalidwe amalembedwa ndi mfundo mavuto zachilengedwe. chifukwa chake chachikulu chinali unsembe wa anthu anagonjetsa chilengedwe, komanso kunyalanyaza malire a kukana ake zinthu anthropogenic. Anthu kutseka maso awo malamulo zofunika chitukuko, kuiwala zonse kufunafuna phindu zing'onozing'ono osaganizira zotsatira zake. M'pofunika kusintha khalidwe ndi kutsitsimuka kwa anthu mabiliyoni ambiri padziko Lapansi kupitiriza chikhalidwe akanapereka ife ndi zinthu zofunikira.

Udindo wa luso mu chitukuko cha anthu

Gwero lotsatira - determinants zamakono, mwachitsanzo mbali ya luso komanso ndondomeko ya kugawikana ntchito mu dongosolo chikhalidwe. Zimathandizanso Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe. Malamulo a chitukuko cha anthu masiku ano anakonza, kutenga monga maziko udindo wa sayansi. Zimenezi n'zosadabwitsa - izo tsopano mwachangu zilibwino. Komabe, malinga Adorno, funso la ulamuliro wa luso ndi chuma - ndi funso la chomwe choyamba, nkhuku kapena dzira. Angagwiritsidwenso zimachitika mtundu ndi chikhalidwe cha ntchito anthu, makamaka anatsimikiza ndi asapita dongosolo chikhalidwe. chimaonekera zonse izi lero, pamene osonyeza contours a anthu positi-mafakitale. Kutsutsana kwakukulu mu nkhani iyi pali pakati pa munthu kuzunzidwa ndi tiganizira za umunthu linakhalapo ndi kumapitiriza kuopseza kuthekera kwa dziko la sayansi zambiri. Ambiri mwa mavuto ndi chitukuko yogwira.

Malamulo a Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe Chotero wayamba ndemangayi, amatsimikiza dziko la mizimu. Pa izo, ife tsopano tikambirane.

Dera wauzimu monga gwero la patsogolo chikhalidwe

Gwero wachitatu wa Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe lagona pa mizimu, mu kukhazikitsa abwino ndi kapena chipembedzo. wotchuka kwambiri mu mbiri anali lingaliro la ulidi, mwachitsanzo, ulamuliro ndi anthu ena akuluakulu achipembedzo. Pankhaniyi, mbiri ya anthu kuoneka ngati kuchita chifuniro cha Mulungu, munthu ayenera kuzindikira kuti nsomba moyo, chimayamba mavuto padziko lapansi, ndipo koposa zonse, kukonzekera tsiku lomaliza wosatha.

Mu mabuku a P. Sorokin, A. Toynbee, amene akufuna malamulo yake chitukuko cha anthu, phindu zofunika wa wauzimu, makhalidwe ndi chipembedzo ungwiro izo, ubale mphoto ndi ziletso ngati chinthu chachikulu chomwe umodzi anthu. Anthu amene amatsatira ganizoli chikominisi, khulupirirani kuti chikominisi ndi chimodzi mwa waukulu "injini" ikuyendera kuti akuitana anthu ambiri nkhondo kumanga anthu olungama ndi kumasulidwa kwa anthu.

M'zinthu mbiri ya Fernand Braudel

Fernand Braudel, mbiri French, ankakhulupirira kuti zochitika za m'mbuyomu - fumbi, ndipo ambiri Chofunika - ndi zochita ndi m'zinthu chosatha kuposa zaka zana. Nthanthi tanthauzo la m'zinthu mbiri kugwirizana ndi kumvetsetsa malamulo a chitukuko wonse. Zimakhala chitani linearly (kutanthauza kuti, Mulungu analenga dziko mpaka Tsiku la Chiweruzo), kapena cyclically, pamene zinkaoneka kuti abwerere m'mbuyomu, koma pa mlingo wina (mbiri ya mwauzimu ndi).

Mitundu 3 chikhalidwe olekanitsidwa Pitirim Sorokin

Pitirim Sorokin ankakhulupirira kuti 3 Mitundu ya mbewu akhoza kuwasiyanitsa mu mbiri ya anthu: ndi zinthu zakuthupi, wapakatikati ndi achipembedzo. Mu chikhalidwe cha mtundu yotsirizira ya kayimbidwe kotani ndi kayendedwe ka mbiri anatsimikiza mtima mogwirizana kwa akalola atatu: anthu, ziwanda ndi Mulungu. Kukula chuma zachokera zenizeni anazindikira sensually. kusintha ake zinthu monga chinthu chachikulu mu mbiri. The kusintha kwa chipembedzo ndi chikhalidwe chuma kudzera mtundu wapakatikati. N'zotheka kuonetsetsa zotsatirazi magawo motsatizana: choyamba - mavuto, ndiyeno - kuwonongeka, kenako - kuyeretsa, hereinafter - ndi kuunika mofatsa makhalidwe, ndipo potsiriza kubadwanso.

Ndi akatswiri mbiri maganizo a masiku ano

Fukuyama kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 20 atalemba wake kuti pali "mapeto a mbiri." Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti malingaliro amphamvu a boma, zochokera iwo, kusiya siteji ya mbiri. Akatswiri ena kuphunzira malamulo a Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe, akukhulupirira kuti mbiri ya dziko tsopano pa nsonga ya bifurcation, mmene chiŵerengero cha chisokonezo komanso kuti zikusintha ndipo pali vuto la unpredictability. Ndi akatswiri mbiri maganizo a masiku ano okha akuona waukulu mungoli Pantchito za chitukuko zakale zomwe imakhudzana ndi mavuto aakulu padziko lonse.

Kuona zinthu zakuthupi za mbiri

Mu chimango anayamba ndi Chichewa ndi Marx mu 40-50-ntchentche wa 19 m'ma zakuthupi pakati mbiri ntchito formational njira ndi malamulo a Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe. Njira imeneyi zachitika mbiri yakale ngati otsutsana ndi maganizo n'zosatheka, ngakhale lingaliro la linearity tinatengera kwa patsogolo ziphunzitso kuti akhazikitse Choonadi. Kuyambira Hegel anatenga lingaliro la chikhalidwe dialectical chitukuko mbiri. Lingaliro la momwe mulinso kupanga zinthu chikhalidwe ndi munthu ndiye maziko a chiphunzitso chimenechi. Mu ndondomekoyi, ilowa, malinga Marx (chithunzi cha chili m'munsimu), mu asapita kotsimikizika, amene osadalira pa zofuna zawo. Tikuyankhula zokhudza asapita kupanga. Iwo zizigwirizana siteji ya chitukuko cha mphamvu lapansi.

Marx anakhulupirira pambali "chachikulu" (koyamba) siteji, komanso "sekondale mawonekedwe" dera wamkulu pa mawonekedwe ake, kuti ndi ulemu kwa magulu kalasi zaka ndi chitukuko zosowa zakale, ang'onoang'ono, Asia ndi Bourgeois (amakono) njira yopanga angatchedwe mwapang'onopang'ono nyengo dongosolo chikhalidwe. Mu sayansi ndi chikhalidwe cha USSR ntchito chilinganizo chidule cha ndondomeko za chitukuko za mbiri yakale, kutanthauza kusintha kwa anthu akale, oyamba kapolo, ndiye dongosolo ang'onoang'ono, ndiyeno capitalist, ndipo potsiriza, ku zokomera.

Lingaliro la "chitukuko m'dera"

Kuzindikira wamkulukulu mu nzeru ya zaka 19-20, ntchito ganizo la "chitukuko m'dera", amene analengedwa ndi khama la A. D. Toynbi, Spengler ndi N. A. Danilevskogo. Malinga ndi izo, mitundu yonse anawagawa kutukuka ndi wosazindikira, ndipo woyamba - ndipo ngakhale mitundu chikhalidwe ndi mbiri yakale. Chodabwitsa, kuyesa ngati 'kuitana-ndi-ayankhe "n'chothandiza kwambiri pano. Amakhala chakuti chitukuko mtendere mwadzidzidzi m'malo ndi zinthu yovuta, yomwe induces Zikatero, akuchuluka mu chikhalidwe makamaka. Olemba lingaliro ili polimbana ndi mavutowo kumvetsa chitukuko cha Eurocentrism.

kachitidwe njira

Kotala lotsiriza la zaka za m'ma 20 anayamba kupanga njira imene dziko ndi dongosolo limene malamulo chitukuko anthu ndi chikhalidwe. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti nthawi imeneyi mphamvu zake anapindula ndondomeko ya kudalirana kwa mayiko pazachuma. Pa yense m'maluwa kusankha "periphery" ndi "pachimake" kupanga "dziko-dongosolo" onse, omwe alipo pa malamulo superformatsii. Waukulu mankhwala a lero monga yopanga zitsulo ndi mfundo ndi chirichonse kugwirizana nazo. Kusinthaku Zikatero, amakhulupirira kuti ndondomeko mbiri - liniya mtundu.

Malamulo Development Economic

Izi kawirikawiri, kwambiri, Gona khola pakati pa zochitika zachuma ndi njira. Mwachitsanzo, mu lamulo la kufunika chimaoneka ndi ubale osiyanitsidwa umene ulipo pakati pa mtengo wa chofunika ndi kufunika kuti kumachitika kwa iye. Ngati malamulo ena a cikhalidwe ntchito zachuma, kaya zofuna ndi chifuniro cha anthu. Tingasiyanitsire pakati pawo chilengedwe (general) ndi yeniyeni.

General - anthu amene amachita zinthu m'mbiri ya anthu. Iwo amagwira ntchito ngakhale m'phanga wosazindikira ndi kupitiriza kukhala okhudzidwa ndi kampani yamakono, ndipo ntchito m'tsogolo. kutsatira malamulo a chitukuko zachuma kusiyana pakati pawo:

- kuwonjezeka zofuna;

- vutoli chitukuko cha chuma;

- kuwonjezeka mtengo mwayi;

- gulu kukula kwa ntchito.

A kuwonjezeka pang'onopang'ono kufunika n'kogwiritsa anthu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pa nthawi, anthu ndi lingaliro la akonzedwa kukula kwa katundu, lomwe amati ndi "wamphamvu". Komano, chinawonjezeka muyezo wa mtundu uliwonse wa katundu amadyedwa. anthu wosazindikira Mwachitsanzo, anafuna kukhala woyamba wa zonse, kwambiri chakudya. Masiku ano, anthu amakhala osatinso amasamala za mmene sindikana kufa chifukwa chosowa izo. Iye anachita kuwonetsetsa kuti chakudya zinali zosiyanasiyana ndi chokoma.

Komano, malinga ndi zimene iwo zofuna za mwangwiro chuma, kuwonjezera ntchito ya chikhalidwe ndi wauzimu. Mwachitsanzo, mu masiku ano m'mayiko olemera kusankha ntchito achinyamata ayamba kusamala kwambiri kuti ndalama zambiri (kuti amalola kubvala ndi kudya), koma kuti ntchito anali ndi khalidwe kulenga, kupereka mwayi kwa kudzilungamitsa kuzindikira.

Anthu ndi kukwaniritsa zosowa watsopano, kusintha kupanga. Iwo kuonjezera osiyanasiyana, khalidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa katundu opangidwa ku chuma, komanso kuwonjezera dzuwa la kugwiritsira ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe. pasukuluyi angatchedwe patsogolo chuma. Ngati kuli patsogolo luso makhalidwe abwino yesa mu moyo chuma ndi wosatsutsika. N'zotheka kuti apindule ndi gulu la ntchito. Ngati anthu adzakhala amakhazikika mu ulimi wa ena timapeza kuti kwambiri kuonjezera zokolola wonse. Komabe, kuti munthu aliyense anali ndi lonse la mfundo zofunika kwa iye, m'pofunika bungwe kulankhulana okhazikika pakati pa anthu a m'gulu.

Kusokonekera ndipo kuwombola decentralized

Karl Polanyi, ndi zachuma American, ali allocated njira 2 kugwirizana pakati pa zipani. Choyamba - kusokonekera, mwachitsanzo nzeru kusokonekera centralized. The chachiwiri - msika amene decentralized kuwombola. M'madera chisanadze capitalist chogwidwa redistributive kuwombola katundu, kuti Mwachibadwa, izo ikuchitika popanda kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama.

Pankhaniyi, boma anabwerera ndi mokakamizika wa mankhwala opangidwa ndi nzika za Ufumu wake, kusokonekera zina awo. Osati kwa magulu a Ages Middle ndi amakedzana wakhala yodziwika ndi njira imeneyi, komanso chuma cha mayiko zokomera.

Ngakhale anthu wosazindikira anabadwa msika wa uphungu. M'madera chisanadze capitalist Komabe, iye kwenikweni chinthu sekondale. Only mu capitalist msika anthu akukhala njira chachikulu cha mgwirizano. boma Choncho mwachangu limalimbikitsa chitukuko, kupanga zosiyanasiyana malamulo, monga "pa zomwe malamulo malonda." Mwakhama ntchito asapita ndalama. Tsintho ikuchitika mu nkhani iyi horizontally, pakati pa alimi kuti ndi ofanana. Aliyense ali ndi ufulu wonse wosankha mu kufufuza mwamuna ndikupeleka. "Chilamulo pa Development wa tochepa" amatithandiza kuti Makampani ang'onoang'ono, amene amavutika ntchito chimango cha mpikisano kukula.