The kukhuthala madzi

Pamaso tikukamba za katundu wa madzi, m'pofunika kulimbana ndi lingaliro la "madzi." Ndi madzi bwino, zomwe nthawi zambiri alibe mtundu khalidwe kapena fungo. Pamene madzi akudutsa mu china boma thupi, ndipamene ena ofanana omwe amatchedwa ayezi, chipale (boma olimba) kapena nthunzi (gaseous boma). Akukhulupirira kuti chimakwirira oposa 70% ya padziko dziko lapansi - ndi mitundu yonse ya nyanja ndi nyanja, mitsinje, nyanja, mitsinje ndi zinthu zina hydrological.

Madzi ndi zosungunulira amphamvu amene m'mikhalidwe zachilengedwe zizindikiro kuchuluka kwa mchere mchere ndi mpweya zosiyanasiyana. Ngati ife kulankhula za katundu thupi, nthawi yomweyo tatembenukira chakuti limatsogolera ayezi kumawonjezera kachulukidwe ake, pamene pa zinthu zina zoterezi ndi zosemphana.

Mbali yaikulu ndi madzi kukhuthala. Palokha, mphamvu - mphamvu ya chinthu chilichonse (ngati madzi, mpweya kapena thupi olimba) kupereka kukana pa gulu zakuthupi particulate ndi ulemu kwa wina ndi mzake. Mbali imeneyi kungakhale mitundu iwiri - chochuluka ndi tangential. Volume kukhuthala - ndi luso zinthu kuti mphamvu kwamakokedwe. Izo kumaonekera Wofalitsa oganiza madzi, kapena mafunde akupanga. Tangential Yodziwika luso kukhuthala madzi kukana kukameta ubweya.

Pamene ofufuza ankafufuza kukhuthala madzi, anapezeka kuti kulimbikira kwa thunthu pamene anatambasula ndi kuwasintha zimadalira liwiro la kayendedwe ka particles a zigawo zosiyana za madzimadzi. Ngati wosanjikiza zokwawa mofulumira, amachita pa wosanjikiza kusuntha pang'onopang'ono, mphamvu mofulumira ndi actuated. Ngati chirichonse chiri zosiyana, iwo amayamba ntchito mphamvu braking. Kuyesetsa pamwamba akuuzidwa pa tangent ku pamalo a zigawo.

Malinga ndi chilamulo Newton ali chilinganizo τ = μ dυ / DN, malinga ndi zimene mkati mikangano mphamvu molingana ndi mathamangidwe ndi masinthidwe amtundu pamodzi ndi zabwinobwino komanso malo amene amadza. Ngati amanena frictional mphamvu m'dera limene ndi wofanana ndi umodzi, ndiye ife kupeza maganizo akumeta ubweya mu madzi amene anatchulidwa mu njira pamwamba.

Palinso mfundo monga kukhuthala kinematic madzi. Iwo anasankha mphamvu koyefishienti chiŵerengero (μ) ndi anasankha madzimadzi kachulukidwe (ρ). Dongosolo ndi mawu amenewa adzakhala motere: ν = μ / ρ.

The kukhuthala madzi pa kutentha osiyana kusinthako, i.e. koyefishienti zake ndichepe ndi kuwonjezeka kutentha. Choncho, mphamvu kukhuthala mu madzi mchere adzakhala wosiyana pang'ono kwa koyefishienti atsopano. Mu kuwerengetsa kusiyana kwa index adzakhala kwanthawi pafupi 5%.

Munthu angathe tchulani mitunduyi angapo, koma chilibe ntchito, monga nkhani yaikulu amanenedwa kale. The kukhuthala madzi ndi tanthauzo zosiyanasiyana, osati kutchula madera a loitanirana pa nkhaniyi. deta ali ofunika mu ndege ndi shipbuilding ndi ena mafakitale ena.

Pali tebulo wapadera kudziwa kukhuthala madzi pa zinthu zosiyanasiyana kutentha. Nkhanizi angagwiritsidwe ntchito osati chiphunzitso komanso kuchita. Tebulo lili Deta intervals madigiri 5, kuyambira 5 mpaka madigiri 100, zomwe kwambiri facilitates moyo wa ana asukulu ndi aphunzitsi pa Pamudzi.

chizindikiro china chofunika - mphamvu kinematic kukhuthala madzi, otchedwa yachiwiri kukhuthala (buku) - ndi khalidwe la volumetric psinjika mapindikidwe. Iwo amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu attenuation cha phokoso ndi kuchepetsa mafunde mantha.