Awiriawiri 12 misempha cranial: tebulo. Cranial misempha: yogawa ndi kufotokoza mwachidule

Misempha anakafika ku kunja ubongo, wotchedwa misempha cranial. Kufalitsa ndi kufotokoza mwachidule munthu aliyense payekha ali m'nkhani yotsatira.

Mitundu ya mitsempha ndi kudwala

Pali mitundu ingapo ya mitsempha:

• mota;
• wosakaniza;
• tcheru.

Ubongo galimoto misempha cranial monga tcheru ndi hybrid, ananenera mawonetseredwe kuti akatswiri mosavuta matenda. Kuwonjezera zotupa olekanitsidwa kwa mitsempha munthu akhoza kukhudzidwa ndi iwo amene ali pa nthawi yomweyo magulu osiyana. Chifukwa cha chidziwitso cha malo awo ndi ntchito n'zotheka kumvetsa mtundu wa mitsempha wosweka, komanso localize m'dera akhudzidwa. Ichi chimakhala zotheka mwa njira yapadera ntchito chamagetsi. Mwachitsanzo, kuchita ophthalmic, pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono, n'zotheka kudziwa boma la fundus, ndi mitsempha chamawonedwe, kuona munda wa maganizo ndi imfa hearths.

mtengo wabwino limatchula carotid angiography ndi verterbalnaya. Koma mudziwe zambiri akhoza zopezera ntchito yopangidwa tomography. Ndi izo, inu mukhoza kuwona makungwa mitsempha munthu ndi kuzindikira zotupa ndi kusintha zina mu Makutu, zithunzi ndi zina misempha.

Kufufuza trigeminal ndi misempha Makutu zidatheka mwa njira Zoyenereza yokhudza kotekisi somatosensory. Komanso mu nkhani iyi, audiograph ndi nistagmografiya.

Development electromyography kukodzedwa mwayi mudziwe zambiri za misempha cranial. Tsopano mukhoza kufufuza Mwachitsanzo, zimaphethira ayankhe reflex, mowiriza ntchito minofu mu nkhope ndi minofu kutafuna ya lilime, m'kamwa, ndi zina zotero.

Akukhala pa aliyense wa awiriawiri awa a misempha. Okwana pali awiriawiri 12 misempha cranial. Table, kumene iwo ali kumapeto kwa nkhani ino. Pakali pano, tiyeni tikambirane aliyense wa awiriawiri wa padera.

awiri 1. mafotokozedwe

Izi zikuphatikizapo mitsempha olfactory ku gulu mwamsanga. Pamene maselo cholandilira anabalalika mu epithelium wa m'mphuno mu gawo olfactory. Woonda zokhudzana selo mitsempha anaikira mu filaments olfactory amapanga misempha olfactory. Kuchokera mitsempha m'mphuno akulowa M'mimbamo cranial kudzera maenje a mbale wa fupa ethmoid, ndipo itha babu kumene tinachokera chapakati olfactory njira.

2 awiri. mitsempha zithunzi

Izi zikuphatikizapo awiri mitsempha chamawonedwe, choikidwa gulu tcheru. axons okhudza mitsempha pano ipyole mbale gululi a mbiya mwana wa diso, amene igwera mu M'mimbamo cranial. M'tsinde mwa Ulusi ubongo misempha awa mbali zonse converge ndi kulenga njira ndi chamawonedwe chiasm. Njira kupita thalamus ndi geniculate thupi pilo, kenako chapakati zithunzi njira anawalozera kwa Lobe occipital ubongo.

3 nthunzi. efferent mitsempha

Oculomotor (galimoto), analengedwa ndi ulusi mitsempha anakafika ku misempha kuti zili mu nkhani imvi ya ubongo pansi pa madzi otunga kumtsinje ija. Maziko a chitadutsa pakati pa miyendo, ndiyeno umalowa mu diso kanjira ndi innervates minofu (kupatula pamwamba ndi akunja oblique mzere wa innervation kudzakhalire awo misempha ena cranial, awiriawiri 12, kusonyeza zomwe tebulo bwino chikusonyeza onsewo kuphatikiza). Ichi ndi chifukwa opezeka ulusi mitsempha ya parasympathetic lapansi.

4 nthunzi. zomvetsa chisoni

Ziwirizi zimenezi zimaphatikizapo trochlear mitsempha (galimoto) anachokera pachimake mu ngalande oziziritsa ndi pamwamba akukumana wa pamadzi wopita m'dera la ubongo. Mu gawo ili akutembenukira chiasm, kupinda wa miyendo ndi malowedwe mu kanjira lapansi. awiri Izi innervated kuposa oblique minofu.

5, peyala ya awiriawiri 12 misempha cranial

Table akupitiriza trigeminal mitsempha zokhudzana ndi kale losanganikirana. Mu pano thunthu kwenikweni ndi galimoto mtima wake ndipo pa maziko a - mizu ndi nthambi. ulusi imalandira ochokera ku maselo gulu la trigeminal amene dendrites kulenga nthambi zotumphukira kuti innervate khungu patsogolo pa khungu ndi nkhope, mano m'kamwa, ocular conjunctiva, zikopa mucous mphuno, pakamwa, lilime.
Njinga ulusi (kwa mitsempha trigeminal) olumikizidwa kwa mandibular nthambi mitsempha, ndi kuyesedwa innervate masticatory minofu.

6 awiri. abducens

mbali ina ya awiriawiri 12 misempha cranial (Table salamula kuti galimoto misempha gulu) zikuphatikizapo awiri abducens. Umayamba kwa mtima khungu mu pons ndi, afika pa tsinde ndi kupitabe patsogolo kwa kagawo yozungulira pamwamba kenako zitsulo diso. Iwo amapereka minofu molunjika diso (kunja).

7 nthunzi. facialis

awiri tichipeza mitsempha nkhope (galimoto) kwaiye ku zokhudzana selo galimoto phata. ulusi kuyamba kutsinde pa pansi pa ventricle chachinayi, kudali padziko wachinayi mitsempha phata pansi ndi kupita mu ngodya mlatho-cerebellar. Izo ndiye chimatsatira kutsegula Makutu, mu ngalande za mitsempha nkhope. Pambuyo England parotid, izo ukugawa mu nthambi kuti innervate minofu nkhope ndi nkhope, komanso ena ambiri. Ndiponso, chochokera tsinde nthambi imodzi innervates minofu m'manja mwa khutu pakati.

8 nthunzi. Makutu mitsempha

Awiri chitatu wa awiriawiri 12 misempha cranial (Table m'gulu kuti misempha tcheru) tichipeza Makutu kapena vestibulocochlear mitsempha, limene lili ndi mbali ziwiri: vestibular ndi cochlear. Cochlear gawo tichipeza dendrites ndi axons a mwauzimu mfundo mu fupa cochlea. Gawo lina chochokera mfundo vestibular pa pansi pa meatus Makutu. Mitsempha mbali zonse chikugwirizana ndi ngalande khutu kwa mitsempha Makutu.

The ulusi mapeto vestibular mu mtima kuti ali rhomboid fossa ndi cochlear - mtima cochlear mu pons lapansi.

9 awiri. glossopharyngeal mitsempha

Table cranial misempha akupitiriza chinayi awiri, amene ukufanizidwa ndi mitsempha glossopharyngeal. Pamafunikanso kwenikweni, mota, secretory CHIKWANGWANI ndi flavoring. Pali limasonyeza pafupi ndi misempha vagus ndi wapakatikati. Ambiri ankaona maziko a mitsempha yomwe ili mu medulla oblongata. Iwo nawo ndi awiriawiri chakhumi ndi ciwiri.

Mitsempha ulusi awiriawiri amaphatikizidwa mu mbiya, kusiya M'mimbamo cranial. Pakuti zapambuyo wachitatu wa m'kamwa ndi lilime ndi kukoma ndi mitsempha imalandira khutu mkati ndi pharynx - tcheru, pakuti pharynx ndi - mota kwa zopangitsa parotid - secretory.

10 nthunzi. vagus

Kenako tebulo cranial misempha akupitiriza awiri ongokhala mitsempha vagus, amene wapatsidwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Thunthu akuyamba ku mizu mu medulla oblongata. Potuluka M'mimbamo cranial, pharynx mitsempha innervates minofu striated ndi m'mphako ya kumwamba, ndi trachea, bronchi ndi ziwalo m'mimba.

ulusi imalandira innervate ndi occipital dera la ubongo, kunja kwa meatus Makutu, ziwalo otsala. ulusi Secretory akupita kwa m'mimba ndi kapamba, vasomotor - nsupa, parasympathetic - mtima.

11 awiri. Kufotokozera za mitsempha chowonjezera

Alembedwera awiri izi za mitsempha chowonjezera wapangidwa mbali chapamwamba ndipo m'munsi. The akangofika pa galimoto phata la medulla oblongata, ndipo chachiwiri - kuyambira phata ku nyanga za chingwe msana. Mizu olumikiza mzake ndi kutuluka chigaza ndi awiri chakhumi. Ena a iwo amapita kwa mitsempha vagus.

Iwo innervates minofu - sternoclavicular-mastoid ndi trapezoidal.

12 peyala

Izo ukutha ndi tebulo mwachidule misempha cranial ndi angapo mitsempha hypoglossal. pakati pake penipeni ndi pa pansi pa medulla oblongata. Kutulukira a Chigaza, iwo amapereka chinenero minofu.

Chotero dera chitsanzo chabwino 12 mabanja misempha cranial. Kuti chifupikitso cha pamwamba.

Yang'anani pa mndandanda, lomwe limasonyeza misempha cranial, 12 awiriawiri. tebulo zotsatirazi.

Pomaliza

Ichi ndi kapangidwe deta ndi ntchito ubongo. Mugulu imathandiza kwambiri. Lililonse mitsempha ndi mbali ya dongosolo chachikulu, ndipo zimadalira izo komanso dongosolo lonse - kuchokera ntchito misempha payekha.