Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin: ntchito, maganizo andale, chithunzi, yonena

Boris Chicherin anali mmodzi wa azungu waukulu theka lachiwiri la XIX atumwi. Iye anaimira zolimbitsa owolowa manja mapiko, kukhala othandiza kwa kukondera akuluakulu. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, nthawi zambiri anadzudzula anthu a m'nthawi. Boma Soviet sanali Chicherina kwa kumatsutsa sosholisimu. Choncho yekha lero tikhoza mosakondera kuwunika ubwino wa ntchito zake.

zaka zoyambirira

Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin anabadwa June 7, 1828. Iye anali mbadwa ya Tambov m'banja lapamwamba. Bambo ake anali bizinezi, kugulitsa mowa. Boris anatembenuka woyamba makolo (iye anali ndi abale asanu ndi mlongo a). ana onse maphunziro khalidwe. Mu 1844, Boris ndi m'bale wake Basil (bambo a tsogolo Commissar Anthu Yoona za okhonda wa USSR), anasamukira ku Moscow kulowa yunivesite. Mphunzitsi wa anyamata anatchuka owolowa manja kumadzulo Timofey Granovsky. Iye anamulangiza protege kupita ku sukulu chilamulo, chimene iye anachichita.

Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin maphunziro University mu 1849. Nthawi ya maphunziro ake heyday Nicholas anachita anatsata kugonjetsedwa kwa Decembrists. Ufulu wa kulankhula okhawo amene, ndithudi, sanali maganizo kaŵirikaŵiri anthu. Boris Chicherin anali basi interlayer lapansi. Chochitika china unyamata wake anayamba kusintha Loona za 1848, zomwe zinakhudza mapangidwe maganizo ake.

The chidwi kwambiri anali zochitika mu France. Mnyamata mosangalala uthenga woyamba wa zisinthe, koma kenako pa njira yotero ya Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe. Ngakhale mu ukalamba, kukhulupirira mfundo yakuti boma sangathe patsogolo kudumpha. Kukwera - sikusankha. Ife tikuyang'ana kwa kusintha pang'onopang'ono m'malo "quackery demagogues", ndi okamba pa mutu wa odandaula khamu. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ngakhale kukhumudwa chifukwa cha zinthu zisinthe, Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin anali owolowa manja. Kwa Russia, izo anakhala woyambitsa wa lamulo lalikhulu ladziko.

Mu Nicholas Russian

Poyambira ndale komanso cha nzeru za maganizo woganiza anaonekera kuphunzitsa Hegel. Chicherin kenako kusintha malamulo a dongosolo lake akamabadwa. Woganiza ankakhulupirira kuti pali anayi mtheradi chiyambi - muzu, wololera komanso zinthu zenizenizo, komanso mzimu kapena lingaliro (kuti ndi cholinga chachikulu). M'dziko mu zochitika izi zimaonekera - anthu wamba, banja, mpingo ndi boma. Hegel ankanena kuti nkhani ndi malingaliro - yekha ndi za mzimu. Dongosolo izi zikutanthauza ndondomeko kuti boma zimatenga mabungwe ena onse (banja, mpingo, ndi zina zotero. D.). Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin amaipidwa ndi maganizo, koma sanagwirizane nazo. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti onse anayi chododometsa pamwamba ananena kuti ndi ofanana ndi ofanana. Wake maganizo ndale moyo zochokera ichi chiyembekezo osavuta.

Mu 1851 Chicherin Mwapambana mayeso ndipo anakhala waluso. nkhani yolembedwa wake anali pa nkhani ya boma ku Russia m'zaka XVII. Malingaliro a aphunzitsi a nyengo kugwilizana zonse ndi lingaliro opatulika a Nicholas Ine "Orthodoxy, autocracy ndi mtundu." Choncho, osafuna kusintha izi simunamulandire nkhani yolembedwa Chicherin, monga iye ali mu izo kudzudzulidwa dongosolo la ndale za m'ma XVII. Zaka zingapo achinyamata amazikhulupirira mwachabe pestered aphunzitsi kuti lemba likadali "anapitirira". N'zotheka okha 1856. deti limeneli si mwangozi. M'chakachi, Nicholas ndinali kale akufa, ndi mpando wachifumu anali mwana wake Alexander II. A nyengo yatsopano inayamba Russia, imene ngati "fronderskie" nkhani yolembedwa anatengedwa pamodzi ndi enawo.

Kumadzulo ndi States

Kuyambira mfundo maganizo a view, yonena Chicherina Borisa Nikolaevicha ndi chitsanzo cha moyo ndi ntchito za azungu. Kale ali mwana, iye anakopa chidwi cha m'dera laluntha la dzikolo. Nkhani wake, lofalitsidwa kumayambiriro kwa ulamuliro wa Alexander II, mu 1858, anasonkhana mu bukhu lapadera "Zatsopano pa mbiriyakale ya malamulo Russian." chopereka ndi mpake ankaona maziko a mbiri malamulo kapena pagulu sukulu m'chilamulo zoweta. Chicherin anakhala mpainiya ake ndime ndi Konstantin Kavelin ndi Sergeem Solovevym.

Oimira azimuth ichi amakhulupirira kuti boma ndicho galimoto mphamvu m'dziko lonselo. Chicherin anayambanso chiphunzitso cha ukapolo ndi Kumasuka a magulu a anthu. view yake idali pa siteji zina za chitukuko mbiri ya anthu Russian kuteteza zikamera wa serfdom. Ichi chinali chifukwa zimayambitsa zachuma ndi chikhalidwe. Tsopano, mu zaka za m'ma XIX, kufunika wasoŵa. Azambiriyakale, mayiko kulimbikitsa anamasulidwa Amaya.

ntchito journalistic

Alexander II, amene anayamba kulamulira mu 1855, anataya Crimea nkhondo, anazindikira kuti dziko likusowa kusintha. bambo akewo anthu Russian kuzizira, titero, anasunga chikhalidwe. Tsopano mavuto onse anakwera kunja. Ndipo woyamba wa zonse - wamba funso. Kusintha anamva yomweyo. Iwo anayambitsa kukambirana pagulu. Fatsa masamba a manyuzipepala. Olekerera anali "Russian boma yotchedwa Gazette" Slavophiles "Russian kukambirana." Mu kukambirana nkhani za chikhalidwe ndi chuma nawo ndi Chicherin Boris Nikolaevich.

Kumadzulo ali mwamsanga wotchuka ndipo anazindikira mtolankhani. Kale mu ubwana wake, iye anayamba kalembedwe wake, wopangidwa mwa ambiri otchula za mbiri yaitali ya boma Russian. Chicherin sanali kwakukulu mwaufulu "womenya ndi boma." Iye anakhulupirira kuti ufumu akhoza kuthana ndi mavuto amene anapeza, ngati kuchititsa kusintha ogwira. Ntchito-demokalase mtolankhani anaona thandizo kuboma, osati uwonongedwe. Chigawo ophunzira a anthu ayenera wolangiza boma ndi kuthandiza kuti izo mwanzeru. Awa sadali mawu opanda pake. Amadziwika kuti Alexander II ndinali kuwerenga nyuzipepala tsiku lililonse mabungwe onse andale, kusanthula anawayerekezera. mfumu anali bwino ntchito Chicherin. Ndi chikhalidwe chake, mfumu sanali kumadzulo, koma pragmatism anakakamizika asintha, "chabwino pagulu".

Chicherin Boris Nikolaevich anakhalabe kutsatira za absolutism komanso chifukwa iye ankaganiza dongosolo ogwira pankhani zochita osatchuka. Ngati mphamvu autocratic wasankha kusintha, zidzakhala kuchita izo popanda kuyang'ana pa nyumba yamalamulo, ndipo m'njira ina iliyonse kutsutsidwa. mfumu anachita ofukula njira dongosolo mwamsanga ndipo anagwirizana. Choncho, mwa mbali ya centralization mphamvu wakhala ndi Chicherin Boris Nikolaevich. Azungu khungu kuti zolakwa za dongosolo poganiza kuti ndidzadutsa pa awo, pamene boma anapanga woyamba lofunika kusintha.

Kusamvana ndi anzake

M'mabukhu Soviet yonena Chicherina Borisa Nikolaevicha ankaona wamba ndi chosakwanira. Boma Socialist likutsutsa mfundo zambiri zimene kumbuyo loya. Pa nthawi yomweyo, pa moyo wake, iye anyozedwa ambiri wake azungu anzathu. Iwo anali olumikizidwa ndi chakuti Chicherin kulimbikitsa kukondera akuluakulu. Iye sanayese kusintha mwadzidzidzi, pokumbukira chaka 1848.

Mwachitsanzo, wolemba ankakhulupirira kuti boma abwino ayenera kukhala matupi nthumwi, kuphatikizapo yamalamulo. Koma mu Russia, iye sanaone zinthu kukhazikitsidwa kwa mabungwe amenewa. Society adali mokwanira kuti zithandize maonekedwe awo. Zinali moyenera. Mu ang'onoang'ono Russia, ndi misa ya anthu wamba umbuli ndi passivity mmene anthu ambiri amangowerenga ali sunayambe chikhalidwe andale amene angayerekezedwe ndi muyezo Western. Ambiri olekerera ndi odana autocracy ndinaganiza mwinamwake. Anthu amenewa anakhulupirira Chicherina pafupifupi anagwirizana a boma.

Mwachitsanzo, Herzen anakuyerekeza Saint-Monga - bwana wa mantha ndi wa Jacobin kupondereza mu chosintha France. Chicherin anakumana naye mu London mu 1858. Herzen ankakhala ku, kumene kuthokoza ntchito yake yogwira journalistic kukhale kothandiza kwambiri pa chikhalidwe cha maganizo Russian. Chicherin poyankha kutsutsa kwa mlembi wa buku la "Ndani mlandu?" Anayankha kuti "sadziwa kukhala pakati wololera." Spores wa olemba awiri otchuka anafika kanthu, ndipo adagawana ayi povomera, ngakhale nacho kwa wina pambali zina mangawawo.

Kutsutsa bureaucracy

Wolemba mbiri publicist Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin, amene ntchito sanadzudzule maziko a dongosolo autocratic (mphamvu yekha wa mfumu), ananena kuti mfundo zina zoonekeratu ofooka a boma Russian. Iye anazindikira kuti chofooka chachikulu pa dongosolo la ntchitoyi ndi ulamuliro wa bureaucracy lapansi. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, ngakhale luntha, kuti apindule chinachake mu moyo, tiyenera kupita kwa akuluakulu ankaona Chicherin BN

The yonena za munthu uyu - wochokera yonena za m'banja lapamwamba amene lakwaniritsa bwino kudzera wakhama ndi luso. N'zosadabwitsa kuti wolemba anaona kufunika kwa zikamera wa wosanjikiza cohesive wa landlords otchuka amene ankafuna kusintha owolowa manja. Iwo izi ophunzira ndi anthu olemera akhoza kukhala chopinga kwa ulamuliro wa akuluakulu fupa, pa dzanja limodzi, ndi chisokonezo, anakonza ndi udindo wapamwamba, pa ena.

Amangokhala malamulo ndi inefficient dongosolo anali konyansa ambiri, ndipo mu nkhani izi, mosakaika, anali Chicherin BN yonena za wolemba umaphatikizapo mfundo chidwi ndi chidwi. Atayamba pulofesa iye ankayenera kusanja boma milandu. Komabe, mtolankhani anakana izo ndi sanalandire chizindikiro mu nduna ngakhalenso "amasonyeza". Madalitso adalandira kwa atate wa munda banja. Kukhala ozindikira ndi mosamala mwininyumba, Chicherin akhoza kupulumutsa chuma. Mu moyo wa wolembayo, unakhalabe n'kopindulitsa ndi kwaiye revenues. ndalama Izi zinathandiza nthawi yocheza pa utumiki wothandiza komanso aluso sayansi.

Pambuyo chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom

Madzulo a kusintha wamba Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin (1828-1904) anapitiriza ulendo ku Ulaya. Atabwerera kwawo, dziko anakhala chosiyana. Serfdom linathetsedwa, ndipo anthu munkachitika mikangano za tsogolo la Russia. Wolemba yomweyo nawo pa mlandu uwu. Iye amapereka mphamvu kuchita wake ndipo anamutcha lamulo 19 February 1861 Chaka, "chipilala bwino malamulo Russian". Pa nthawi yomweyo mu mayunivesite kuwiri ku dziko (Moscow ndi St. Petersburg) walimbikitsa kayendedwe wophunzira. Achinyamata analankhula ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana za mawu, kuphatikizapo anthu andale. Atsogoleri a mabungwe maphunziro apamwamba chifukwa nthawi zina fluctuated ndipo sankadziwa mmene mungachitire chisangalalo. Ena aphunzitsi ngakhale chifundo ndi ophunzira. Chicherin zinkachititsa kuti msonkhano zofunikira za ophunzira nkhani ndondomeko awo mwachindunji maphunziro (kusintha kwa zinthu ndi zina zotero. D.). Koma mawu odana ndi boma wolemba kudzudzulidwa, poganizira za unyamata wawo mwachizolowezi makani kuti palibe wabwino sadzatero.

Chicherin Boris Nikolaevich, amene ndale maganizo N'zoona, anali Westernized, koma ankakhulupirira kuti dziko loyamba la onse ayenera dongosolo. Choncho, angatchedwe owolowa manja akusangalala chitetezo kapena ndiwofatsa. Zinali pambuyo 1861 Zikuwoneka Chicherina potsiriza anapanga. Iwo anatenga mawonekedwe mu zomwe zinali kudziwika kwa mbadwa. M'mabuku ake, wolemba anafotokoza kuti ndiwofatsa liberalism - Kuyanjananso cha chiyambi cha chilamulo ndi mphamvu, ndi chiyambi cha ufulu. mawuwa unakhala wotchuka mu mabwalo akuluakulu a boma. Ake kwambiri mmodzi wa waukulu anapita Alexander II - Prince Alexander Gorchakov.

Komabe, mfundo imeneyi sanakhaliretu kwambiri kuti zochita tsogolo la boma. Ofooka mphamvu ndi miyeso kutipanikiza - umu ndi mmene nalo izo mu umodzi wa mabuku Chicherin Boris Nikolaevich. Mwachidule yonena za wolemba anena kuti moyo wake posachedwa amalembedwa ndi chochitika chofunika. Nkhani Ake, mabuku otchuka ndi mfumu. A chotsatira chenicheni cha khalidwe limeneli kunali pempho Chicherina Akhristu achikulire, yesetsani ndi mphunzitsi Nikolai Alexandrovich - wolowa ku Mpandowachifumu. Wolemba mbiri mosangalala.

Aphunzitsi Korona Prince

Komabe, munagwa posachedwa. Mu 1864, Nikolay Aleksandrovich anapita ulendo miyambo ku Europe. Mwa anyamata ake ndipo anali Chicherin Boris Nikolaevich. Photos of wolemba pafupipafupi kukathera ku nyuzipepala, iye anakhala munthu wotchuka kwambiri mu anzeru Russian. Koma Ulaya anayenera kusiya mongoyembekezera ntchito zawo journalistic. Iye anali otanganidwa ndi wolowa Komanso, Florence anadwala ndi Nthenda yofanana ndi tayifodi. Chicherina chikhalidwe anali lowopsya, koma mwadzidzidzi ndinachira. Koma wophunzira ake Nikolai Alexandrovich ovutika. Iye anafa pa chifuwa chachikulu mu Nice mu 1865.

Mbiri ya machiritso awo ndi imfa mwadzidzidzi wolowa ufumu ndi kwambiri ndi Chicherin. Iye anayamba achipembedzo. Pa yemweyo Nikolai Alexandrovich mphunzitsi ndinaona munthu m'tsogolo, luso kupitiriza kusintha owolowa manja a bambo ake. Zasonyezanso kuti wolowa nyumba yatsopano anasonyeza kuti munthu wosiyana. Pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa Alexander II, Alexander III udzachepetsedwa kusintha. Pamene anayamba lotsatira yoweyula boma zotani (monga pansi Nicholas I). Chicherin ankakhala ku m'badwo uno. Iye anali kuona ndekha kugwa mfundo zawo za ana Tsar-angamasuledi.

Mphunzitsi ndi wolemba

Popeza anachira ndipo anabwerera ku Russia, Chicherin anayamba kuphunzitsa pa University Moscow. Anayamba kwambiri kuberekana nthawi zilandiridwenso sayansi. Popeza theka lachiwiri la 60s lapansi. nthawi zonse mabuku achikhazikitso, woyambitsa amene anali Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin. Ntchito yaikulu ya wolemba anachita ndi boma ndi chikhalidwe dongosolo la Russia. Mu 1866, nzeru zapamwamba mbiri, analemba buku la "Pa chizindikiro cha People." Pamasamba ntchito Chicherin anavomereza kuti ufumu oyendetsera dziko ndi dongosolo yabwino ndale, koma Russia sanabadwe anayamba zinthu zofunika ovomerezeka ake.

ntchito sanasinthe pafupifupi amaona mu gawo pang'onopang'ono kwa anthu. Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin pa olekerera kwa nthawi kuti ananenapo moona ndi mosasuka - kulemba buku zakuya, asayansi Russia ndi tanthauzo. mbali Lang'anani kwakukulu wa demokalase ndi zisinthe, kapena aphonya iwo monga mankhwala wina anachita. Tsoka la Chicherin zolembalemba, ndi choonadi osokoneza. Kudzudzulidwa ndi mbadwo wake, anali osavomerezeka ndi boma la Soviet, ndipo okha Russia amakono kwa nthawi yoyamba mabuku ake pansi ndi chokwanira, cholinga ziyenera ndi nkhani zandale.

Mu 1866, Boris Chicherin anachita chiphunzitso ndipo anadzipereka kwathunthu kwa ankalemba mabuku sayansi. Wolemba, anasiya ntchito mu kuukira. Iye ndi aphunzitsi angapo owolowa manja (komanso demonstratively anasiya malo awo) Zochita anakwiyitsa rector a University Moscow State Sergei Barsheva. Iye, pamodzi ndi akuluakulu a ku unduna wa Education anayesa zokulitsa chilolezo aphunzitsi awiri ndiwofatsa, ngakhale zochita izi sizilingana kuti hayala lapansi.

Pambuyo pake, Chicherin adasamukira ku nyumba ya Karaul m'chigawo cha Tambov. Iye nthawi zonse analemba, kupatula nthawi 1882-1883, pamene anasankhidwa mtsogoleri wa mzindawo wa Moscow. Monga anthu, wolembayo anatha kuthetsa mavuto ambiri azachuma a likulu. Kuphatikizanso apo, adachita nawo mwambo wokumbidwa kwa Alexander III.

Ntchito zazikulu

Kodi mabuku olemera kwambiri omwe anasiya ndi Chicherin Boris Nikolayevich ndi ati? "Filosofi ya Chilamulo", yofalitsidwa mu 1900, inali ntchito yake yomalizira yomaliza. Mu bukhu ili, wolembayo adasankha molimba mtima. Lingaliro lakuti malamulo angakhale ndi filosofi yawo yomwe inatsutsidwa ndi anthu otchuka kwambiri. Koma Chicherin, monga nthawi zonse, sanayang'ane mmbuyo ndi maganizo a ambiri, komabe molimba mtima ndi kutchinjiriza yekha malo ake.

Choyamba, adatsutsa malingaliro omwe anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti lamulo ndi njira yothetsera mikangano pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu komanso zofuna zawo. Chachiwiri, mlembiyo anapeza zomwe zinachitikira kalefilosofi. Kuchokera m'zilembo zakale za Chigriki iye adatenga lingaliro la "lamulo lachibadwidwe" mwa kulikulitsa ilo ndi kulitengera ilo ku zenizeni za Russia pa nthawi yake. Chicherin ankakhulupirira kuti lamulo liyenera kupitilira kuchokera ku kuzindikira ufulu waumunthu.

Masiku ano tinganene mosapita m'mbali kuti woyambitsa Russian sayansi ya ndale ndi Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin. Iye analemba za ufulu ndi ziphunzitso zina zaunyamata ali aang'ono mu nkhani zambiri. Mu 80-90. Wasayansi anali atagwirizana mwachindunji mbali za ndale. Iye analemba mabuku ofunika kwambiri: "katundu ndi boma" (1883), komanso "Course of State Science" (1896).

M'ntchito zake, wofufuza anayesera kuyankha mafunso osiyanasiyana: Kodi malire ovomerezeka a ntchito ya makina, ndi chiyani "zabwino zapadera, ndizochita zotani za boma, ndi zina zotero? Mwachitsanzo, pofufuza udindo wa boma mu moyo wachuma m'dzikoli, Chicherin adatsutsa zowonongeka kwambiri za mphamvu zamagetsi. Theorist ankakhulupirira kuti mu gawo lino la chuma poyamba ayenera kukhala padera.

Boris Chicherin anamwalira pa February 16, 1904. Patatha sabata isanafike, nkhondo ya ku Russia ndi Japan inayamba. Dzikoli linalowa m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri ndi makumi awiri, lodzaza ndi kusokonezeka kwa magazi (kukonzanso koyamba posachedwa). Wolembayo sanapeze zochitika izi. Koma pa nthawi ya moyo wake adadziwa kuopsa kwa zandale zandale ndi kuyesa ndi mphamvu zake zonse kuti ateteze masoka.