Jacobin kupondereza

M'chaka cha 1793 ulimi mu France walowa gawo apamwamba wake. Anayamba kulamulira ndondomeko kwambiri kwakukulu, gulu limene anapita mu mbiri monga Jacobin mwankhanza. Iwo inatenga chaka chimodzi chokha, koma nthawi iyi anali wokhoza kuchita zambiri.

Kubwera kwa mphamvu ndi polimbana nkhambakamwa

May 31 mu Paris kugalukira anathyola osauka. Iwo ankapita ndi oimira magulu ambiri kwakukulu ndale mu Convention - ndi Jacobins. Iwo amapereka mwa m'tawuni ndi osauka a kumidzi, anthu a bourgeoisie ndi zazing'ono. Kumanga nyumba yamalamulo French anasolola mfuti chachikulu, kuona kuti akuluakulu anaganiza kumangidwa kwa Girondins pa June 2 - otsutsa ndale za Jacobins. Popeza dziko anakhazikitsa watsopano ndale.

The Jacobins atasunga mphamvu kwa pafupi chaka. Nthawi imeneyi mu France, zosintha zambiri zachitika. The zinthu mkati dziko ndi kunja kunali kuti ankaoneka kuti zisinthe ali pafupi kuletsedwa. Army mayiko a ku Ulaya anali pa malire French: kumpoto - ndi Austrians ndi Prussians, kum'mwera - ku Spain, ndipo cruised gombe la zombo English. M'chigawo cha Vendée Povunduka wamba kugalukira, lotsogoledwa ndi olemekezeka mu ukapolo. Kupeza ndalama dzikoli lafika poipa: kuchuluka mitengo chakudya, malingaliro zambiri. Izi zikachitika kunafuna kumayambiriro miyeso mwadzidzidzi, ndi Akatolika wa Jacobins opanikizika anapita kwa izo. Mu September, mchikakamizo cha kuchepa tirigu, izo linakhazikitsa lamulo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mitengo pazipita kwa Zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Pakuti kuphwanya kuphedwa anadalira.

kusintha kwa Jacobins

Mu October 1793 izo anatengedwa ndi malamulo French, limene linali patsogolo kwambiri pa nthawi yake. Anayamba chilengedwe othandiza kwa anthu amene wakhala mfumukazi zaka 21 za ufulu wofanana anapatsa amene kuvota ndi amene kuvota. Chilamulo, thupi malamulo nalowa mphamvu pokhapokha chivomerezo chawo mwa anthu. Koma kunena zoona, malamulo a France mu 1793 ndipo alibe anayamba ntchito. Pankhondo, ndi Jacobins kunapangitsa kuti dziko la mothandizidwa ndi malamulo mwadzidzidzi - malamulo amene anali mphamvu ya malamulo. Chinali Jacobin kupondereza - dongosolo la boma lomwe yamalamulo anali anakankhira mu maziko, koma mphamvu yeniyeni a matupi wamkulu - makomiti.

The chamankhwala chodalirika zisinthe anali anthu wamba, kotero boma latsopano kukwana kukhazikitsa kusintha mu gawo agrarian. Kale mu June 1793, mayiko limodzi anatitumiza kwa amphawi, onse akatundu ang'onoang'ono inathetsedwa ndi umboni kwa iwo zikalata kuti awonongeke. Mayiko a anthu olemekezeka, atsogoleri, analandidwa. Tsopano wamba akhala eni zonse m'dziko lawo. Ndipo ngakhale kupitirira kuti Jacobin kupondereza sanapite pa funso agrarian, ena mwa malamulo awa kale ankawapatsa kuthandiza alimi amene akufuna kuteteza ulimi ndi zida manja awo.

Pakhala asilikali. Wapolisi wina anali amene adadziwa mu mulanduwo, ndipo analibe chiyambi mfulu. Mu malo ya akapitawo wachikulireyu anabwera kwa achinyamata. Inali pa nthawi imene anayamba ntchito yake Napoleon Bonaparte, amene anasonyeza bwino ntchito mu adani a Toulon. Jacobins anakwanitsa kugonjetsa kupanduka mu Vendee. ndipo adani kunja anali nawo. Mu June 1794 asilikali chosintha anagonjetsa Austrians pa Fleurus, polandira malire French.

Mantha ndi kugwa

Komabe, Jacobin kupondereza ndi zotsatirapo zake zoipa. Mtsogoleri wa boma Chiwukirano wa Maksimilian Robesper ndi anthu ake sanali wamanyazi pa TV, cholimbana ndi adani awo. Mantha motsutsa Girondins ndi mbali ya Mafumu kunachitidwa zololeka. Mu September 1793 panali lamulo analola kuti akawamange anthu amaganiziridwa onse. Koma yaikulu zikulilima mantha anafikira mu June 1794, anatengera pa nthawi lamulo anayambitsa yachilendo - ndi "mdani wa anthu" kenako tikhale ndi moyo watsopano mwa Soviet Union. A tanthauzo bwino adani amene tiyenera kuziganizira, chikalatacho sanapereke, koma zikusintha ku chilango - chilango cha imfa. Zokambirana inasanduka chotheka kwathunthu; pakuti munthu mlandu zinali zokwanira loweruza chigamulo. Za chilamulo aliyense Kumvetsela sankakhoza ngakhale sindingazikwanitse. Choncho Jacobins chikwiyire yoweyula mantha wandikhudza zikwi za anthu.

Misa kumangidwa, mosiyana ndi ziyembekezo akuluakulu musati kumuteteza kwa adani, koma woterowu kugwa kwa olamulira ankhanza a. The zigawo ambiri olemera, wakula olemera pa utasintha anali osakhutira ndi dongosolo latsopano, ndipo analekerera iwo okha kufikira atawoloka kuopsa alowererepo. Osauka, mpaka posachedwapa anatsogolera Jacobins mphamvu, komanso anakwiya ndi mantha ndi kusakhutira ndi theka mtima mfundo zawo - malamulo pa amazilamulira mtengo kwambiri chosemphana dziko inalandidwa kwa adani a zisinthe, osati anagawira anthu osauka. Kutha kwa Jacobin kupondereza anali kulanda boma July 27, 1794, pamene adani awo mu Convention anavomereza chigamulo zomanga komanso kuphedwa kwa Robespierre ndi gulu lake. Posakhalitsa zinachitikadi, nadza kwa mphamvu oimira bourgeoisie chachikulu.

Ambiri a kusintha, ndi Jacobins anali anathetsa, ndipo mu 1795, anayamba kulamulira ndi boma latsopano - lowongolera. Mu France, anakhazikitsa watsopano ndale, kunyezimiritsa zofuna za anthu amene chuma chake pa utasintha.