Cannon: mitundu ndi osiyanasiyana moto. Mwachidule zipolopolo zida zankhondo kuchokera wakale masiku ano

Kodi mukudziwa mtundu wa asilikali mwaulemu amatchedwa "mulungu wa nkhondo"? Kumene, zida zankhondo! Ngakhale chitukuko cha mabomba pa zaka makumi asanu zapitazi, ntchito ya kachitidwe kamakono mkulu-mwatsatanetsatane mbiya adakali kwambiri mkulu.

Mbiri ya chitukuko

"Atate" imatengedwa kuti ndi mfuti German Schwartz, koma azambiriyakale ambiri amavomereza kuti zoyenereza pa nkhaniyi ili m'malo wofooka. Choncho, kutchula koyamba za ntchito zida zankhondo ochiritsira nkhondo limabweretsa 1354, koma yachokera pali mapepala ambiri amene amatchula 1324.

Palibe chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti ena mfuti zida zankhondo sanali ntchito. Mwa njira kulankhula kwambiri Akunenanso zida zotere angapezeke m'mipukutu yakale English, osati onse magwero chachikulu German. Choncho, chapadera pankhani imeneyi ndithu odziwika lonena "Pa Ntchito ya Mafumu", umene unalembedwa mu ulemu wa Edward III.

wolemba anali mphunzitsi wa mfumu, bukulo linalembedwa mu 1326 (nthawi ya Edward kuphedwa). M'lembali palibe kumasulira kwa Tsatanetsatane pa zipsera, choncho kudalira yekha subtext a. Choncho, pa imodzi mwa mafanizo zotsatirazi, mosakayika uliwonse, ndi mfuti lenileni, amene akufanana ndi mbiya yaikulu. Zikusonyeza mmene m'kamwa mwa "mtsuko" amachotsa Boom chachikulu, atakulungidwa mu mtambo wa utsi, ndi mtunda waima ndi Knight, monga podzhegshy ufa ntchito ndodo otentha.

koyamba

Koma China, zomwe zikuoneka kuti anapanga onga (a asayansi akale anapeza kuti pafupifupi katatu, chimodzimodzi), pali zifukwa kuganiza kuti zida zankhondo loyamba pa onse adzionere ngakhale Chikhristu chisanayambe. Mwachidule, zida zankhondo, monga zida zankhondo zonse, ndithudi wamkulu kuposa kapadera.

Masiku a Charles molimba mtima , zipangizo zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito mu lalikulu zedi pa kuzinga m'malinga, makoma a omwe anali kale mogwira mankhwala kwa anazinga.

stagnation aakulu

Ndiye n'chifukwa wakale anthu sangapambane mothandizidwa ndi "Mulungu wa nkhondo" dziko lonse? Ndi yosavuta - chiyambi cha m'ma 14 Cannon. ndi 18. Amasiyana pang'ono Chrixitu. Iwo anali zosamveka, kuchisenza, kupereka molondola osauka kwambiri. Nzosadabwitsa zipangizo oyamba ntchito kugwetsa makoma (molimba kuphonya!), Komanso kuwombera woipa lalikulu la mdani. Pa nthawi imene makamu mdani anapita pa wina ndi mzake ndi mizati zokongola, komanso sikutanthauza mfuti mkulu mwatsatanetsatane.

Musaiwale za zonyansa monga onga, komanso katundu sizimadziwika: pamene Sweden Russian gunners nkhondo zina katatu kuti mlingo wa Mgwirizano kuti pachimake TACHIMATA mdani linga zina kuwonongeka. Kumene, pa mfuti kudalirika kwa mfundo imeneyi moona zoipa. Panali nthawi zambiri pamene mawerengedwe a zida zankhondo mu mfuti kuphulika ambiri sakanachitira mwina.

zinthu zina

Pomaliza, zitsulo. Monga momwe zilili ndi sitima, koma atayamba mphero anagubuduza ndi kufufuza mozama m'munda wa zitsulo amadziwa zofunika kutulutsa makungwa moona odalirika. Chilengedwe cha zipolopolo zida zankhondo kwa nthawi yaitali anapereka asilikali "monarchical" maudindo nkhondo.

Musaiwale likungosonyeza zida zankhondo M'zaka, iwo masamu ngati zochokera awiri a mitima ntchito, ndipo ndi nkhani magawo a thunthu. Analamulira chisokonezo zosaneneka, ndipo chifukwa asilikali sitingakhale osaganizira chinachake kwenikweni umodzi. Zonsezi angaletsedwe kwambiri chitukuko cha mafakitale.

mitundu Main kachitidwe wakale zida zankhondo

Tsopano tiyeni tione mitundu ikuluikulu zidutswa zida zankhondo, zomwe nthawi zambiri inandithandiza kusintha mbiri, kuswa mafunde a nkhondo mokomera boma limodzi. Pofika chaka cha 1620 anaganiza kusiyanitsa mitundu zotsatirazi zida:

• Likungosonyeza mfuti ku mainchesi 7 mpaka 12.
• Perriere.
• Chimphamba ndi om'tsatira ( "Chimphamba").
• Zida ya m'manja kuchokera breech Komatsu.
• Robinety.
• Mortars ndi bombards.

mndandanda amaonetsera "zoona" mfuti kwambiri kapena zochepa mphamvu ano. Koma panthawi imeneyo asilikali ndi ambiri akale mfuti pulasitala zitsulo. Oimira kwambiri mmene zake ziri kulevriny ndi polukulevriny. Pa nthawi imeneyo, zinaonekeratu kuti chimphona Cannon, amene anali Mbali yaikulu wamba nthawi kale, zachabe: yolondola zonyansa zawo, mapulaniwo chiopsezo kuphulika ndi lalikulu kwambiri, ndipo nthawi yoti recharge kwambiri.

Ponena kachiwiri m'nthawi ya Peter azambiriyakale wa zaka amanena kuti aliyense batire "unicorns" (mitundu kulevriny) chofunika mazana malita a viniga. Wake sitimadzipereka mu madzi ntchito yozizira ukagwira ku yowotcha mbiya.

Kawirikawiri anakumana ndi zaka zida zankhondo mfuti ndi likungosonyeza woposa mainchesi 12. Nthawi zambiri ntchito kulevriny amene pakati ankalemera 16 mapaundi (za 7.3 kg). Mu munda zinthu zinali zachilendo falsconet amene pachimake kulemedwa lbs 2.5 okha (pafupifupi kilogalamu). Ndipo tsopano tiyeni tiyang'ane pa mitundu zidutswa zida zankhondo zimene anali ofanana m'mbuyomu.

Poyerekeza makhalidwe a zipangizo zina wakale

Dzina la mfuti	Mbiya Utali (mu calibers)	Projectile kulemera makilogalamu	Est ogwira kuwombera mtunda (mu mamita)
musket	Palibe muyeso	0,45	50-75
kabawi	30	1,36	70-100
Sacra	28	4-5,4	400
"Mamba"	20-25	4-5,4	1000-1067
Standard mfuti	17-21	9-45,4	kwa 1300
Polupushka	Palibe muyeso	13,6	Mpaka 200
Kulevriny (zida zankhondo mfuti akulu mbiya yaitali)	33	9-22,7	230-250
"A theka" kulevriny	32	5,4-13,6	150-170
Njoka	No Information	24	za 300
wapathengo	No Information	18,6	400-700
Kamnemet		9-45,4	900-1000

Ngati munaonapo mosamala tebulo ndipo anaona mfuti, musadabwe. otchedwa osati zosamveka ndi katundu mfuti zimene ife kumbukira mafilimu za Musketeers, komanso zonse zida zankhondo mfuti ndi yaitali barreled likungosonyeza yaing'ono. Ndipotu, tiyerekeze "chipolopolo", masekeli magalamu 400 ndi mabvuto kwambiri!

Komanso, musadabwe kamnemetu azipereka mu mndandanda. mfundo ndi yakuti, mwachitsanzo, Turkey mu nthawi ya Peter za chilango ntchito chubu zida zankhondo, kuwombera maso, atakumba mwala. Ali zokayikitsa kubooleza zombo mdani kudutsa koma nthawi kuwononga kwambiri yotsirizira ndi ananyoza choyamba.

Pomaliza, deta zonse tikuonera tebulo wathu - kuti idzatha. zosiyanasiyana mfuti zida zankhondo udzakhala kosatha aiwala, ndi olemba mbiri yakale nthawi zambiri si odziwa kwambiri makhalidwe ndi mayina awo mfuti chimene anagwiritsa lalikulu zedi pa kuzinga m'matauni ndi mipanda.

Innovators oyambitsa

Monga tanena kale, Cannon zida zankhondo kwa zaka zambiri anali chida chimene, ngati izo zinkawoneka, muyaya atapanga mu chitukuko. Komabe, zinthu mwamsanga anasintha. Monga nthawi zambiri, ndi zaluso m'zochitika asilikali, lingaliro a alonda a zombo za.

The vuto lalikulu la zida zankhondo ochiritsira pa ngalawa anali danga zopinga kwambiri, zovuta kukwaniritsa ayendetsa iliyonse. Powona izi, Bambo Melville ndi Bambo Gascoigne, amene anali kuyang'anira kupanga wake, anatha kulenga mfuti zodabwitsa kuti olemba mbiri yakale kudziwa lero pansi pa dzina "karonada". Iwo sanakhoze zikhomo pa thunthu lake (kwa bindings mlongoti). Koma izo zinali diso ang'ono, amene mwamsanga ndipo mosavuta akhoza anaikapo zitsulo ndodo. Iye mwamphamvu aphata yaying'ono makina zida zankhondo.

Mfuti kunapezeka kuwala ndi waufupi, zosavuta kusamalira. Est ogwira kuwombera mtunda therefrom anali pafupifupi 50 mamita. Komanso, chifukwa ena a kamangidwe kake zimaonetsa mwayi kutsogolera projectiles moto ndi Molotov cocktails. "Karonada" anakhala wotchuka kuti Gascoigne posachedwapa anasamukira ku Russia, komwe luso ojambula zithunzi za chiyambi yachilendo nthawi zonse anali kudikira, analandira udindo wa onse ndi udindo wa mmodzi wa alangizi Catherine. Izo zinali zaka zimenezo, Russian zida zankhondo mfuti amenewa anayamba ndi opangidwa ku sikelo ndigwira zosaoneka.

machitidwe amakono zida zankhondo

Monga momwe taonera kumayambiriro kwa nkhani ino, mu dziko ano zida zankhondo anali zingapo "angathe" mchikakamizo cha mivi. Koma zimenezi sizikutanthauza kuti ochiritsira ndi roketi machitidwe palibe malo anasiya nkhondo. Ayi! Kutulukira mwatsatanetsatane-motsogozedwa mivi pa GPS / GLONASS angathe amanena kuti "mbadwa" ochokera kudziko lakutali 12-13 m'ma adzapitiriza kukhalabe mdani ali chiimire.

Ochiritsira ndi roketi zida zankhondo: ndani ali wabwino Polamula?

Mosiyana ndi miyambo mbiya roketi salvo machitidwe unsembe pafupifupi musataye ndi linanena bungwe chogwirika. Pochita zimenezi, iwo amasiyana mfuti kudzilungamitsa injini kapena towed, umene njira yobweretsa mu mfuti malo chofunika pazipita adzatsekeredwa ananamizira ndi kwete pansi, monga mwinamwake mwina ngakhale likanatha kutembenuzika. N'zoona kuti kusintha kulikonse mofulumira malo ali kunja kwa funso mfundo ngakhale kudziona injini zida zankhondo mfuti.

kachitidwe zotakasika ndi kudya ndi m'manja, akhoza kusintha kumenyana wake udindo kwa mphindi zochepa. Mfundo makina amenewa akhoza moto ngakhale pamene galimoto, koma yolondola kuwombera ali ndi vuto zoipa. The sangathe wa madongosolo otero - mu molondola otsika. Yemweyo "mphepo yamkuntho" kwenikweni kulima ochepa makilomita lalikulu kuwononga zinthu pafupifupi onse amoyo, koma kudzatenga lonse makhazikitsidwe batire ndi zipolopolo ndithu si wotchipa. zidutswa Izi zida zankhondo, zithunzi zomwe mupeze nkhani, makamaka okondedwa ndi kutukula zoweta ( "Katyusha").

A howitzer ananyoza ndi "wochenjera" projectile likhoza kuwononga chilichonse thanki ano ndi n'cholinga, pamene batire roketi launchers ndi kungafune salvo kuposa wina. Komanso, "mphepo yamkuntho", "Mphepo Yamkuntho", "Grad" ndi "mphepo yamkuntho" mu nthawi chiyambi sadzatha kudziwa pokhapokha msilikali akhungu, monga mtambo wa utsi pamalo anapanga zabwino. Koma pa maofesi amenewa mu projectile wina uli kwa makilogalamu mazana angapo mabomba.

Cannon zida zankhondo, chifukwa cha molondola, angagwiritsidwe ntchito manyuzipepala mdani nthawi ya malo pafupi ndi malo awo omwewo. Komanso, kudziletsa injini zida zankhondo mfuti barreled moona kuchita potsimikizira-batire moto, kupanga kwa maola ambiri. M'magulu salvo moto m'malo mofulumira ziboola makungwa kuti musakhale zimathandiza kuti ntchito zawo yaitali.

Mwa njira kulankhula, choyamba kampeni Chechen ntchito "Grad", amene anatha nkhondo Afghanistan. Kuvala makungwa akhala ngati kuti zipolopolo anaulukira nthawi zina malangizo sizimadziwika. Kawirikawiri zimenezi zimathandiza kuti "kuphimba" asilikali awo.

Machitidwe abwino a salvo moto

atsogoleri adzakhala amatipeza zida zankhondo Russia "mphepo yamkuntho". Iwo kuwombera projectiles likungosonyeza a 122 mamilimita pa mtunda wa makilomita 100. Mu salvo munthu akhoza chikalata kwa milandu 40, amene amafotokoza m'dera la mamita lalikulu 84 chikwi. Ikuthamanga kulibenso kapena zochepa - makilomita 650. Zolumukizidwa ndi mkulu kudalirika galimotoyo ndi kayendedwe liwiro 60 Km / h timatha kusamutsa batire "mphepo yamkuntho" mu malo oyenera ndiponso nthawi kochepa.

Lachiwiri ndi mphamvu ya zoweta MLRS 9K51 "Grad", ndi chinyozo pambuyo zochitika mu South-East a Ukraine. Likungosonyeza - 122 mm, 40 mitengo ikuluikulu. Moto chapatali kwa makilomita 21, mu chiphaso limodzi angathe "bwino" kudera la makilomita 40 lalikulu. Ikuthamanga pa liwiro pazipita 85 Km / h ndi mochuluka monga 1.5 zikwi makilomita!

Pomaliza amapita ku HIMARS Cannon kwa Mlengi American. Zipolopolo ali likungosonyeza chidwi cha 227 mm, koma isanu yokha kukutsogolerani pang'ono kusokoneza kuganiza unsembe. Anawomberedwa osiyanasiyana - mpaka makilomita 85 pa nthawi ingayale malo makilomita lalikulu 67. Liwiro kuyenda - mpaka 85 Km / h ndi ikuthamanga osiyanasiyana makilomita 600. Kukhazikika bwino mu kampeni dziko Afghanistan.

Mu malo yachinayi Chinese mbewu WS-1b. Chinese asakhale mwatsatanetsatane kuti: likungosonyeza wa mfuti cholepheretsa ndi 320 mm. Maonekedwe, izi MRL akufanana S-300 amapangidwa ku Russia ndipo ali ndi ana anayi okha mbiya. Opaleshoni osiyanasiyana ndi pafupifupi 100 makilomita Akumenya m'dera - mpaka makilomita lalikulu 45. Ndi liwiro pazipita izi zida zankhondo ano ndi ikuthamanga osiyanasiyana pafupifupi 600 makilomita.

Pa malo a kuthungo ndi Indian MLRS Pinaka. Kapangidwe - 12 atsogoleri 122mm zipolopolo. Yowotcha osiyanasiyana - mpaka 40 Km. Ndi liwiro pazipita 80 km / h galimoto amatha kuyenda ulendo wa makilomita 850. Zinkakhala m'dera - mochuluka monga 130 makilomita lalikulu. Kachitidwe anayamba kupanga ndi nawo mwachindunji akatswiri Russian, excellently lasonyeza mu ambiri Indian-Pakistani nkhondo.

mfuti

chida ichi uli kutali ndi akapolo anzawo akale wakale, amene analamulira mu minda Middle Ages. Likungosonyeza mfuti kuti ntchito mavuto amenewa, ranges kuchokera 100 (wotsutsa Cannon "Rapier") kwa 155 mm (TR, NATO).

Assortment wa nkhono ntchito ngati kwambiri lonse: muyeso akatemera mkulu-zachiwawa kuti projectiles programmable kuti akhoza kugunda chandamale pa mtunda wa makilomita 45 ndi lolondola makumi masentimita. Komabe, mtengo wa munthu akatemera kungakhale mpaka 55 madola zikwi! Mu nkhani imeneyi, zida zankhondo Soviet ndi mtengo kwambiri.

Poyerekeza makhalidwe a mfuti ambiri ulimi mu USSR / Russia ndi zitsanzo Western

dzina	Dziko yopanga	Likungosonyeza, mamilimita	Mfuti Kunenepa makilogalamu	Zolemba malire osiyanasiyana (malingana ndi mtundu wa projectile), Km
GHN 45	Belgium	155	8900	30-39
GC 45	Belgium	155	8222	30-39
BL 5.5 inchi (amene anapuma pantchito kulikonse)	England	140	5851	16.5
"Zsolt" M-68 / M-71	Israel	155	9500	21
Wa 021 (leni Belgium GC choyerekeza 45)	China	155	9500	30-39
M 46	USSR	130	8450	27
2A36 "huwakinto-B"	USSR	152	9800	27
"Rapier"	USSR	100	2800	3
Soviet zida zankhondo C-23	USSR	180	21450	30,5
D-20	USSR	152	5700	17-24
"Nyamayi-B"	Russia	125	6575	12.2
G5	South Africa	155	13500	30

mortars

Modern matope machitidwe ali mbadwa bombards wakale ndi mortars, chomwe chingathe kumasula bomba (kwa mazana a makilogalamu kulemera) pa mtunda wa mamita 200-300. Today kwambiri anasintha zinalengedwera, ndi uthunthu pazipita ofunsira.

Mu ambiri zachitetezo m'dziko kumenyera mortars chiphunzitso asamalira iwo monga Cannon wokwera kwa kuwombera pa mtunda wa pafupi wina kilometre. Linanena kuti mphamvu ya ntchito chida ichi m'malo m'matauni ndi yimitsira wa anamwazikana, magulu mdani yam'manja. Mu Russian asilikali mortars ndi zida muyezo, iwo ntchito iliyonse ntchito pang'ono lalikulu lankhondo.

Ndipo pamene chochitika Chiyukireniya mbali zonse asonyeza kuti ngakhale achikulire 88 mamilimita mortars ndi chida chabwino kwa nkhondo zigawenga, ndi kutsutsa izo.

mortars ano, komanso ena Cannon zida zankhondo, zikukwaniritsidwa motsogozedwa kukula lolondola wina kuwombera. M'chaka cha chaka chatha, wotchuka zankhondo bungweli BAE Systems choyamba anasonyeza mayiko m'dera mwatsatanetsatane matope zipolopolo likungosonyeza 81 mm, amene anayesedwa kwa mmodzi wa landfills British. Akuti munitions akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi dzuwa angathe mu uthunthu kutentha kwa -46 kuti +71 ° C. Komanso, pali nkhani yopanga anakonza osiyanasiyana linafalitsidwa kwambiri a projectiles.

Chiyembekeza usilikali kugwirizana ndi kukula kwa mkulu-mwatsatanetsatane Mph mamilimita 120 ndi kuchuluka mphamvu. The zitsanzo atsopano anayamba kwa Army US (XM395 Mwachitsanzo), pa mndandanda wa ku 6.1 Km ndi kupatuka a palibe mamita oposa 10. Akuti akatemera ntchito Stryker oyeretsa magalimoto oti muli nazo zida mu Iraq ndi Afghanistan, kumene zida zatsopano anasonyeza mbali yabwino.

Koma kwambiri zingamuthandize kuti tsiku ndi chitukuko nkhondo motsogozedwa ndi homing yogwira. Choncho, mfuti zoweta chachikulu "Nona" akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito chipolopolo "Kitolov-2", mungathe kukantha pafupifupi thanki aliyense masiku ano pa mtunda wa makilomita asanu ndi anayi. Popeza cheapness cha zida, monga ankayembekezera zinthu chitukuko cha asilikali padziko lonse.

Motero, zida zankhondo ndi lero ndi mdani mtsutso pa nkhondo. Zonse osauka zitsanzo latsopano ndi alipo machitidwe barreled kubala zipolopolo kwambiri zingamuthandize.