Kusaka

Nkhani ya chipembedzo ya kusaka ndi chinthu chachilendo chimene ngakhale nthano. Zinali chida champhamvu mu propaganda chotsutsa-chipembedzo. Ndi chiyani icho? Kufufuza ndi kukayikira ntchito mphamvu. Mu Middle Ages ndipo mpaka posachedwapa, ndi kusaka Woyera adafuna kutsutsa wokhulupirika ndi unachotsa ngati ali ampatuko.

Cholinga chake chachikulu chinali kutsimikizira kuti munthu mlandu ndi wosokoneza. M'zaka za m'ma XV mbiri ya kusaka zinali chinsinsi. Ife ansembe ndi ufulu wapadera: koti ndi kuwononga. Komabe, anavutika osati wa mpingo komanso anthu otchuka mphamvu ndi ulamuliro pa anthu wamba.

Zapakati anali nyengo yapadera. Anthu amaonera zinthu m'njira yakeyake, chifukwa sanamvetsetse zambiri zodabwitsa zimene zimachitika pa moyo wawo. Panalibe umboni wasayansi, chifukwa ndi mvula kapena kudzawala, chifukwa zivomezi zimachitika kapena kodi chilala choopsa. anthu onsewa ayesa kunena magulu mdima: milungu, fairies, ziwanda, mizukwa. Okhala Zapakati, ambiri samafuna kuvutika mfiti ndi mantha a magulu mdima amene maganizo awo, ungatilepheretse miyoyo yawo.

N'chifukwa chake mfiti ankasangalala kwambiri osati munthu wamba. Mbiri ya Mfiti kusaka zikusonyeza kuti ngakhale pakati pa kusaka kwa iwo, iwo ankakhala mwakachetechete m'nyumba za anthu olemera. Mfiti zofunika anthu, koma ngati aziwanena mphamvu awo, kwadzaoneni. Kusaka mfiti - chilango imene ankagwiritsa ntchito pamene iwo anapezeka wolakwa pa kuchititsa kuwonongeka pa wizardry.

Kodi kulanga mfiti? Kusaka ananena wamatsenga wolakwa ndipo ambiri popha. Nthawi zina, iwo anayenera kukwaniritsa kuwonongeka yeniyeni. Lemba anathandiza atumiki a mpingo kuchita zinthu monga opereka monga iwo anatchula pa konkuno mu ndondomeko ya kuphedwa.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti anali ndi mlandu. Choyamba, mu kukhalapo kwa Mlembi inquisitor mafunso mboni. Pamene upandu chisokonezo si mikangano pa kumva kuyambirira, munthu mlandu linatseka mpingo kundende. Atafunsidwa, koma wachisokonezo alibe ufulu kutetezedwa.

Pambuyo njirayi, izo anapatsa ulamuliro wa akuluakulu aboma anali ndi buku chigamulochi. Kusaka Woyera anapereka palokha cholinga si kuwononga munthu ndi kubwera naye kwa chifuwa cha mpingo. Kotero wachisokonezo sunali Mpingo wa Katolika mosatsata iye kuwateteza.

Mbiri ya kusaka kumagwirizana ndi mbiri ya anthu onse. Kudzera kulimbana ndi anthu opanduka, zakulitsa udani magulu awiri - ndi bourgeoisie ndi oponderezedwa. Kunali kovuta kwa mphamvu, ndi kusaka anali bungwe patsogolo.

Magawo chachikulu cha chitukuko cha thupi Chilango: dodominikansky, Republic, Spanish kusaka. Mu nthawi yoyamba, kuzunzidwa kwa ampatuko sanali nawo uthunthu mpaka kalekale. Wachiwiri ndi Anatsegula milandu apadera inquisitors. Mu wachitatu kusaka Woyera kumagwirizana dongosolo monarchical ndipo amakhala ngati chida cha kulimbana kwa mphamvu.

Ambiri, izo limakhudza anthu ikuyendera aluntha a Europe. M'zaka za m'ma XVI anayamba zimakhudza pa kufufuza mabuku Koma kale m'zaka za m'ma XVII, chiwerengero cha akuvutika chifukwa cha kusaka wakhala laling'ono kwambiri. M'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu iwo anali pafupifupi mwathunthu anathetsa m'mayiko onse European.

Zotsatira za kusaka ndi:

Wasayansi wamkulu Giordano Bruno anatenthedwa Rome, mu malo omwewo mu 1633 Galileo Galiley anakakamizika kusiya chiphunzitso Copernican, koma patapita nthawi yambiri Papa Yohane Paulo II anaganiza kuthandiza iye.

Iwo anali anazindikira kuti kusaka mu zaka zonse linakhalapo, wapanga kwambiri zolakwa amapha.