Kumasulidwa kwa Moscow ku Poland mu 1612

Mfundo imodzi kutembenukira mu mbiri dziko angathe molimba otchedwa kumasulidwa kwa Moscow ku Poland mu 1612. Ndi ndiye kuti kusankha kaya boma Russian. N'zovuta Musaone kufunika deti limeneli kalekale m'mibadwo yanu. Tiyeni titenge tione wina pa chochitika chofunika, patatha zaka zambiri, komanso kupeza zimene anapanga mkulu wa asilikali pa kumasulidwa kwa Moscow ku Poland bwino.

prehistory

Koma choyamba, tiyeni tipeze chimene zochitika unachitika kumasulidwa kwa Moscow ku Poland.

Kukangana za Commonwealth, chimene chiri mochitika chitaganya cha Ufumu wa Poland ndi Grand Duchy la Lithuania, ndi boma Russian anayamba mu nthawi Ivana Groznogo. Kenako mu 1558, kuthyoka wotchuka Livonia nkhondo, amayesetsa cholinga chake kulamulira pa maiko Baltic. Mu 1583 pamene nkhondoyo inatha ndi kusaina mtendere, zimene zinaonetseratu kuti opindulitsa kwambiri kwa Russia. Koma ambiri m'dzikoli zotsutsana pakati pa Russian ndi Commonwealth ufumu sikuloledwa.

Atafa Ivana Groznogo mu 1584. wachifumu Russian anali kulamulidwa ndi mwana wake - Fyodor. Zinali anthu m'malo ofooka ndi odwaladwala, imene ufumu anali kwambiri wofooka. Iye anafa mu 1598, wosasiya olowa. Iye atayamba kulamulira, m'bale wa mkazi wa Feodor - Boyar Boris Godunov. mwambo umenewu unali zotsatira m'malo yoopsa Russia, kuyambira adzafupikitsidwa ndi Rurik mafumu amene analamulira boma pa zaka mazana asanu.

Mkati ufumu Russian anali kukula kusakhutira ndi mfundo za Boris Godunov, ambiri ankaona wonamizira, oletsedwa kulanda mphamvu, ndipo pa nthawi ina mphekesera kuti kuitanitsa kupha wolowa woyenera Ivana Groznogo.

Mavuto yomangika m'dziko akhoza kukhala ndi mwayi kwambiri ntchito alowererepo yachilendo.

onyenga

Osankhika akulamulira wa Commonwealth zimadziŵa kuti kunja odana waukulu ufumu Russian. Choncho kusiya Rurikovich mafumu anatumikira monga ngati mbendera kuyamba kukonzekera kuwukira.

Komabe, kutsegula nkhondo Rzeczpospolita yokha sanali wokonzeka, kotero zokhota zawo ntchito wonamizira Grigoriya Otrepeva, kusanzira wotchedwa Dmitry - amene anamwalira ndili mwana, mwana Ivana Groznogo (malinga n'kunena kwa Baibulo lina, anapha mkulu wa Boris Godunov), zimene kum'patsa dzina - onyenga wotchedwa Dmitry.

Army Falsdmitry kulembedwa ntchito ndi thandizo la Polish ndi magnates Chilituyaniya, koma si mwalamulo amapereka mwa Rzeczpospolita. Iwo litalanda Russia mu 1604. Posachedwa Tsar Boris Godunov anamwalira ndipo mwana wake usinkhu wa zaka sikisitini Fedor sanathe bungwe chitetezo. Polish asilikali Grigoriya Otrepeva mu 1605 anagwidwa Moscow, ndipo analengeza kuti iye ndi mfumu wotchedwa Dmitry I. Komabe, chaka chotsatira anaphedwa mu zokhumba a. Ndiyeno anaphedwa mbali yaikulu ya Poland, amene anafika naye.

Latsopano Russian Tsar anakhala Vasiliy Shuysky, yemwe anali nthumwi ya nthambi lateral wa Rurik. Koma mbali yaikulu ya anthu a Russia izo losadziwika ndi wolamulira pano.

Mu 1607 pa dera la Commonwealth, wonamizira latsopano, dzina lenileni silikudziwika. Iye anapita mu mbiri monga Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry II. Iye amapereka mwa tycoons amene kale anayamba kupandukira pa Polish Mfumu Sigismund III, koma anataya. Voterani wonamizira anakhala Tushin mzinda, chifukwa cha zimene Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry II dzina Tushino wakuba. asilikali ake anagonjetsa asilikali Shumsky ndi kuzungulira Moscow.

Vasiliy Shuysky anayesa kukambirana ndi Sigismund III, kuti adawachokera anthu ake. Koma analibe popezera mpata weniweni, ndipo sanafune kuti achite zimenezo. Ndiye Mfumu Russian anachita mgwirizano ndi asilikali a Sweden. mgwirizano umenewu cholinga kuthandiza Sweden ndi Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry II pansi pa mawu a kulanda mizinda yambiri Russian mu Sweden, komanso mgwirizano ndi Poland.

Prerequisites kutsegula alowererepo Polish

The amapereka chachikulu chiyambi cha phukusi Polish anakhala Chirasha Swedish mgwirizano. Izi anapereka chonamizira ofunda wa Commonwealth kulengeza nkhondo pa Russia, monga mmodzi wa zolinga za mgwirizano liri chitsutso cha Poland.

Mu kwambiri wa Commonwealth pa nthawi imeneyo kunali kulimbitsa ufumu. Ichi chinali chifukwa chakuti Korol Sigizmund III mu 1609 anapondereza kugalukira zinamuipira otchuka, umene unatha zaka zitatu. Tsopano n'zotheka kuwonjezeka kunja.

Komanso, Chirasha Polish nkhondo kuyambira Livonia nkhondo, sanapite kutali, ndi zobisika Polish alowererepo mu mawonekedwe a thandizo mwamwayi chifukwa ankayembekezera sanalole ndi onyenga.

mfundozi anapereka kutsogolera chigamulo ayambe mphamvu za mliri wa Commonwealth m'gawo Russian a boma kuti kubweretsa izo pansi pa ulamuliro wake wonse. Iwo anayamba unyolo wa zochitika, omwe kulumikiza likulu la Russia anali kulanda wa asilikali Chipolishi Chilituyaniya, kenako kumasulidwa kwa Moscow ku Poland.

Adani a Moscow Zitsulo

Chakumapeto kwa chaka cha 1609 asilikali Polish kutsogoleredwa ndi Hetman Stanislava Zholkevskogo atalanda dera la Russia ndi kulanda mzinda wa Smolensk. M'chaka cha 1610 anagonjetsa mu nkhondo ya Klushino Chirasha Swedish asilikali nadza ku Moscow. Komano Moscow anazikuta khamu Falsdmitry II.

Pakali pano, boyars Vasiliya Shuyskogo unagonjetsedwa ndi m'ndende mu amonke. Iwo anakhazikitsa boma kuti amadziwika pansi pa dzina la bungwe la seveni. Koma olemekezeka analanda mphamvu anali osatchuka pakati pa anthu. Iwo n'zotheka kulamulira yekha Moscow. Poopa kuti boma ndimphate wotchuka kwambiri Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry II wa, olemekezeka adalowa huddle ndi Zitsulo.

Ndi mgwirizano, mwana wa Polish Mfumu Sigismund III, Wladyslaw anakhala Russian tsar, koma kutembenuka kwa Orthodoxy. Chakumapeto kwa chaka cha 1610 asilikali Polish analowa Moscow.

ankhondo loyamba

Choncho, likulu Lazaro analanda Zitsulo. Patsiku loyamba anayamba mopitirira muyeso, yomwe mwachibadwa linachititsa mkwiyo wa anthu akuderalo. Getman Zolkiewski anachoka Moscow, ndi kutsogolera asilikali Polish mumzinda anachoka Aleksandra Gonsevskogo.

Kumayambiriro a 1611 pansi pa utsogoleri wa Prince wotchedwa Dmitry Trubetskoy, P. ndi J. Zarutsky Lyapunov inakhalapo otchedwa asilikali choyamba. Cholinga chake chinali - kuyamba kumasulidwa kwa Moscow ku Poland. Mphamvu yaikulu ya makamu anali Ryazan olemekezeka Tushino ndi Cossacks.

Asilikali anafika Moscow. Pa nthawi yomweyo anthu kutsutsana ndi magulu agwilitse, yofunika amene ankaimba wotchedwa Dmitry Pozharsky, mkulu wa asilikali m'tsogolo pa kumasulidwa kwa Moscow ku Poland.

Panthawi imeneyi asilikali anatha kutenga China Town, koma kusiyana mkati kunadzetsa kupha mmodzi wa atsogoleri - Procopius Lyapunov. Chifukwa cha mfundo imeneyi, asilikali unasweka. Cholinga cha ntchitoyi anali sanapindulebe, ndi kumasulidwa kwa Moscow ku Poland sizinachitike.

Mapangidwe a asilikali Chachiwiri

Iwo unadza mu 1612. Kumasulidwa kwa Moscow ku Poland anakhala cholinga cha asilikali Chachiwiri unakhazikitsidwa. The kanthu za chilengedwe ake anabwera kwa malonda ndi ntchito zamanja kalasi ya Nizhny Novgorod, amene wavutika chipsinjo chachikulu ndi zomvetsa pa ntchito Polish. Nizhny Novgorod sanamuzindikire ulamuliro uliwonse wa Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry II, kapena Vladislav Zhigmontovicha - Polish Prince.

A otsogolera polenga asilikali Chachiwiri Anthu unathandiza Kuzma Minin, amene anatumikira Zemsky Mtsogoleriyu. Iye anauza anthu kugwirizanitsa polimbana ndi Aisiraeli. M'tsogolo, iye anatchuka kwambiri ngati mkulu wa asilikali pa kumasulidwa kwa Moscow ku Zitsulo monga ngwazi wowerengeka. Ndipo pamene Kuzma Minin anali losavuta mmisiri amene anali wokhoza kuti likhale logwirizana khwimbi la anthu ankapita kwa anaitanira Nizhny Novgorod anachokera m'madera ena a Russia.

Pakati akufika anali Prince wotchedwa Dmitry Pozharsky, mwamuna wina, amene anatchuka ngati mkulu wa asilikali pa kumasulidwa kwa Moscow ku Poland mu 1612. Likutchedwa pa asilikali ndi khamu ambiri, kupempha Prince Pozharsky kutsogolera mtunduwo polimbana ndi Aisiraeli. Kalonga sakanakhoza kukana pempho ili, ndi kuloŵa usilikali, anayamba kutenga mawonekedwe motsogozedwa Minin, ndi anyamata ake.

Msana wa asilikali inkakhala Nizhny Novgorod asilikali lopangidwa ndi anthu 750, koma pempho ntchito ya anthu Arzamas, Vyazma, Dorogobuzh ndiponso mizinda ina. Tikumbukenso luso mkulu wa Minin ndi Pozharsky mu mapangidwe buku wa makamu, ndipo mogwirizana ndi midzi ina ya Russia. Ndipotu, iwo anapanga thupi kuti amachita ntchito ya boma.

Kenako asilikali anthu chachiwiri ku kumasulidwa kwa Moscow ku Poland, pamene zinafika likulu, wodzilemekeza ndi magulu ena a anakomoka asilikali choyamba.

Choncho, pansi pa utsogoleri wa Minin ndi Pozharsky mphamvu ndithu unakhazikitsidwa akhoza kutsutsa adani. Choncho anayamba kumasulidwa kwa Moscow ku Poland mu 1612.

Umunthu Dmitriya Pozharskogo

Tsopano, tiyeni tikambirane mwatsatanetsatane pa chizindikiro cha munthu amene anakhala wotchuka ngati mtsogoleri wa asilikali pa kumasulidwa kwa Moscow ku Poland. Ndi wotchedwa Dmitry Pozharsky anali anthu pa behest a mtsogoleri wamkulu wa ankhondo, ndipo mpake limabweretsa mbali yaikulu ya chopereka chigonjetso laulemerero. ndani?

Wotchedwa Dmitry Pozharsky a m'banja wakale kalonga, amene anali mbali ya nthambi ya mzere Rurik Starodubskaya. Iye anabadwa mu 1578, mwachitsanzo, panthawi ya mapangidwe militias mu chaka cha 1611 iye anali pafupi usinkhu 33 zaka. Atate anali Prince Mikhail Fedorovich Pozharsky ndi mayi - Maria Fedorovna Berseneva-Beklemisheva kuti maina, anapereka malowolo, wotchedwa Dmitry anabadwa.

Utumiki wothandiza wotchedwa Dmitry Pozharsky anabwerera mu ulamuliro Borisa Godunova. Tsogolo asilikali, mkulu wa kumasulidwa kwa Moscow ku Poland, pansi Tsar Vasilii Shuyskom anatsogolera limodzi mwa magulu amene anakana asilikali a Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry II. Kenako anaikidwa Zaraiskiy kazembeyo.

Kenako, monga tanenera kale pamwambapa, Pozharsky ankachita nawo gulu la anthu kutsutsana ndi mizati mu Moscow pa kuli asilikali Anthu Woyamba.

Mwachibadwa, anthu omwe anamenya nkhondo molimbika ndi phukusi yachilendo, sanathe kuyankha kuitana Kuzmy Minina. Osati ntchito otsiriza kuti wotchedwa Dmitry Pozharsky anatsogolera asilikali, chinali chifukwa chakuti iye anali malo ndi pafupi Nizhniy Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod ie, kupanga maziko a asilikali, anaitenga zawo.

Ndicho chimene anali munthu amene anatsogolera asilikali ku kumasulidwa kwa Moscow ku Poland.

March pa Moscow

Tidadzatulukira amene adalamulira kumasulidwa kwa Moscow ku Poland, tsopano tiyeni tione pa vicissitudes la msonkhano.

Ankhondo anasamukira ku mapeto a February 1612 mu Nizhny Novgorod pa Volga mmwamba kwa Moscow. Monga inu patsogolo, anthu atsopano n'kumakhala naye. Ambiri a midzi anakumana ankhondo ndi chisangalalo, ndi kumene Makonsolo ndayesera kukonza chitsutso, monga izo zinali mu Kostroma, iwo anachotsedwa ndipo m'malo mwa asilikali Russian okhulupirika kwa anthu.

Mu April 1612 asilikali anafika Yaroslavl, imene chitsanzo pafupifupi August 1612. Choncho, Yaroslavl unakhala likulu zosakhalitsa. Nthawiyi chitukuko cha kayendedwe kumasulidwa dzina lakuti "Ataima mu Yaroslavl."

Ataphunzira kuti njira kwa Moscow asilikali hetman Chodkiewicz, kuonetsetsa chitetezo ake, Pozharsky mu mochedwa July yomweyo anatumiza detachments angapo Yaroslavl, amene anathamangira yomweyo ku likulu la dziko, ndi pakati pa August, magulu onse ankhondo amene anaikira mu Moscow.

mphamvu za zipani

Zinali zoonekeratu kuti anali nkhondo. anali chiwerengero cha asilikali pa zipani chikumenyana ndi mayikidwe awo?

Chiwerengero cha asilikali amene anali wamng'ono wotchedwa Dmitry Pozharsky chiyani musalumphe anthu zikwi zisanu ndi zitatu, monga magwero. Maziko a asilikali anali Cossack detachments chiwerengero cha anthu 4000 ndipo chikwi oponya mivi. Kuwonjezera Pozharsky ndi Minin atsogoleri ankhondo anali wotchedwa Dmitry Pozharsky-fosholo (a wachibale wa akuluakulu mkulu) ndi Ivan Khovanskiy-Large. Only wotsiriza pa nthawi ina analamula ndithu mayunitsi asilikali. Ena kaya Dmitriyu Pozharskomu, anali lamulo mayunitsi ochepa kapena zochitika utsogoleri palimodzi kwina, monga Pozharsky, mafosholo.

Wotchedwa Dmitry Troubetzkoy, mmodzi wa atsogoleri a asilikali Choyamba, zinachititsa kwambiri 2,500 Cossacks. Ngakhale anavomera kuthandiza chifukwa wamba, koma pa nthawi yomweyo wasunga ufulu kudzapereka malamulo Pozharsky. Choncho, chiwerengero cha asilikali Russian anali 9500-10 000.

chiwerengero cha Polish asilikali Hetman Chodkiewicz, akubwera Moscow pa mbali ya kumadzulo, panali 12 000 anthu. Mphamvu zazikulu mmenemo anali Zaporozhye Cossacks chiwerengero cha asilikali 8,000 molamulidwa ndi Aleksandra Zborovskogo. Mbali kothandiza kwambiri a asilikali anali detachment munthu Hetman nambala 2,000.

Atsogoleri a asilikali Polish - Chodkiewicz ndi Zborowski - amadziwa ndithu nkhondo. Makamaka Chodkiewicz odziwika mu kupondereza posachedwapa kugalukira otchuka komanso nkhondo, Sweden. Mwa atsogoleri ena tisaiwale Nevyarovskogo, Grajewski ndi Koretsky.

Komanso 12,000 asilikali, zomwe zinachititsa kuti Chodkiewicz, mu Moscow Kremlin anali akadali zikwi zitatu Polish asilikali. Iwo anatenga Jets ndi Nicholas Iosif Budilo. Izinso, anali odziwa omenyana, koma popanda talente nawo nkhondo.

Choncho, chiwerengero cha makamu Polish anafikira anthu 15 000.

ankhondo Russian inali pafupi ndi mpanda wa White City, pamene pakati pa asilikali Polish mizu boma la Russia ndi asilikali Chodkiewicz ndi pakati pa thanthwe ndi m'malo ovuta. manambala awo anali ang'onoang'ono kuposa anthu a Poland, ndi asilikali analibe anakumana kwambiri usilikali. Zinaoneka kuti tsoka la asilikali losindikizidwa.

Nkhondo Moscow

Choncho, mu August 1612 nkhondo inayambika, mpaka pamene kumasulidwa kwa Moscow ku Poland. Chaka ya nkhondo mpaka kalekale analowa mbiri ya Russia.

Choyamba unkatchedwa asilikali kuukira Hetman Chodkiewicz anawoloka Moskva mtsinje, anafika pachipata cha Novodevichy Akatolika, kumene kuikapo maganizo asilikali. Iye anayamba nkhondo kavalo. Polish asilikali anayesa kuukira kwa mtima wake, pamene Prince Troubetzkoy anayembekezera ndipo sanapite kuthandiza Pozharsky. Izo ziyenera kuti asilikali mkulu mkulu wa kumasulidwa kwa Moscow ku Poland ndithu mwanzeru, kuti sizingatheke kuti poyamba udzaphwanya udindo mdani asilikali. Chodkiewicz anayenera abwerere.

Kenako Pozharsky anasintha dislocation la asilikali anasamukira ku Zamoskvorechye. Nkhondo kunachitika pa 24 August. Hetman Chodkiewicz kachiwiri anaponya asilikali ake kunkhondo, poganiza kuti aphwanye ochepa asilikali. Koma kunapezeka kuti ankaganizira. asilikali Russian chinakhazikika, kuwonjezera pa nkhondo, potsiriza anagwirizana mphamvu Trubetskoy.

otsutsa wotopa anaganiza kutenga breather. Pofika madzulo, asilikali anapita tingalimbanirane. Iwo anagonjetsa maudindo mdani, kukhonda iye abwerere kwa mzinda Mozhaisk. Poona zimenezi, asilikali Polish anakakamizika ndikupereka asilikali. Choncho anathetsa kumasulidwa kwa Moscow m'derali.

zotsatira

Kumasulidwa kwa Moscow ku Poland mu 1612 linathyoka lonse Chirasha Polish nkhondo. Komabe, nkhondo inatenga nthawi yaitali koma.

M'chaka cha 1613, iye anali kuvala nthumwi ya Ufumu yatsopano ya Romanov mafumu - Mikhail Fedorovich. Iwo watumikira monga lolimbikitsa kwambiri kwa statehood Russian.

Kumapeto kwa 1618, izo anapeza Deulino ceasefire pakati Russian ndi Polish. Malinga ndi zotsatira za osayanjanitsika ichi, Russia anakakamizika kupereka m'madera ambiri a Commonwealth, koma anapitiriza Chofunika - statehood ake. Mu m'tsogolo, anamuthandiza kupeza pansi adatayika, ndipo ngakhale nawo gawo kwambiri wa Commonwealth.

Mtengo wa kumasulidwa kwa Moscow

N'zovuta Musaone kufunika amasulidwe likulu Russian kwa mbiri dziko. chochitika zinathandiza kuti boma Russian nkhondo yovuta ndi Aisiraeli. Choncho, Nkhondo ya Moscow linalembedwa mu mabuku onse pa mbiri Russian ndi m'modzi wa masiku kwambiri.

Kumbukirani ife ndi atsogoleri a asilikali Chachiwiri - Prince Pozharsky ndi Kuzma Minin, amene kwa nthawi yaitali udindo wa ngwazi dziko. Amagwiritsa ntchito maholide, anaika zipilala okumbukira.