"Kusokonekera" - ndichiyani? Malingaliro a populism

Mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma XIX, anayambitsa gulu, umene uli waukulu galimoto mphamvu anali anzeru. Mu gulu lililonse panthawi ina mumayamba kumva otaya. Chifukwa - maganizo osiyana pa njira yothetsera mavuto.

Ndani populists?

The lingaliro lalikulu la populism - kupeza sanakumane ndi anthu. Anthu wamba aona onyamula nzeru ndi choonadi. Otsatira kumene kufunafuna njira zokomera onse.

Mu chimango cha populism anaima chosintha ndi owolowa manja malangizo. Woyamba ankafuna kulanda boma kudzera zachiwawa. Yotsirizira anaumirira mabweretsedwe ya kusintha. Mu zaka 70 gululi walowa gawo latsopano - mkati panali woyamba zigawenga. Cholinga chawo chinali kukonzekera cholimbana akuluakulu a boma.

Mmodzi wa gulu loyamba, amene akulalikira ndi njira yaikulu mantha kwa mathero, - "Ufulu kapena imfa". Pamaziko a kusiyana chifukwa cha njira ya kulimbana chosintha anathyola "Land and Ufulu" - otchuka kwambiri populist kucheza. Pamaziko a m'gulu anapanga "Narodnaya Volya" ndi "kusokonekera".

Kukula kwa gulu mu 80s za m'ma XIX

Populism monga gulu landale m'zaka za kusintha. Kukhazikika mu 1879 "kusokonekera" anali ochepa akale "Land and Ufulu". "Narodnaya Volya" watenga njira ya uchigawenga ndi radicalism. Otsatira gulu anali ambiri. "Narodnaya Volya" ndi ndisungunuka "Ufulu kapena imfa" kwathunthu unachoka m'munsi mwa malingaliro a populism. Iwo anafuna ndi mphamvu kuti akuluakulu kuchita kusintha. Gulu kuphedwa, mabomba.

Ochepa mu "kusokonekera" amakhalabe wokhulupirika kwa mfundo za Populists - reformism, zokomera onse, mitundu mtendere wa nkhondo. Malinga lathu andale a gulu la Nazi-federalists.

gulu unakhazikitsidwa padziko magaziniyi. dzina la chipani anapereka otchedwa "kusokonekera" a dziko. Izi anali kugwirizana ndi kumva pa gawo ambiri m'dziko pakati wamba, amene anaonekera pambuyo chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom mu Russia.

gulu malingaliro

"Kusokonekera" kusunga mfundo chakale populists. Mwina kudziŵika kuti ganizo la bungwe anakhalabe pa mlingo wa 70 ntchentche za XIX atumwi, nthawi ya "kupita kwa anthu." Ngakhale kuti malingaliro a maziko anakhalabe, ambiri mwa zolinga ndi njira adagwirizana zayambika.

Gulu la moyo ankaona kuti dera abwino. Iwo ayenera kukhala maziko a chimangidwe zokomera. Umwini wa dziko ayenera kukhala gulu yaikulu katundu eni ayenera expropriate. Chornoperediltsi kupanga lingaliro la kalasi kulimbana, koma iye anayang'ana zambiri kudwala-pakati. Mu njira zambiri, gulu linali pafupi ndi zolinga za bakunintsev. Mwamphamvu adakana uchigawenga, kuchita nkhondo ngati njira kulimbana ndale.

"Kumasuka wa Labor"

Mavuto maganizo zinayang'ana "kusokonekera", bwanji zikuchokera gulu. Anthu otchuka anali Georgy Plekhanov, Vasily Ignatov, Vera Zasulich, Lev Deych. Koma iwo anakana kupitiriza ntchito mu bungwe ndi kukhazikitsa mu Geneva, gulu la "Kumasuka wa Labor", adayima pa udindo Marxism. Ambiri a oyambitsa ndi chidwi ndi lingaliro la ulimi proletarian. Populists ndipo anagwirizana kuti International, analimbikitsa kulimbana bakunintsev.

The bourgeois-demokalase zisinthe, amene wakhala yabwino bungwe, anayamba kupanga mwa proletariat m'matauni ndi bourgeoisie. Yofunika kwambiri nyimbo mwa wamba monga gulu reactionary. Pang'onopang'ono, populists kuwasandutsa democrat chikhalidwe. "Kusokonekera" (chaka cha maziko - 1879 TH) analipo kale 1883rd, pamene gulu "Kumasuka wa Labor" anakhazikitsidwa.

mtsogoleri wogwirizana

Georgi Plekhanov anali populist ndi mtsogoleri wa "kusokonekera". Komanso, iye anakhala woyambitsa wa gulu "Kumasuka wa Labor". Mwa kugwirizana "Land and Ufulu" mu 1876, George V. zinapatsira ndi maganizo a Narodnaya Volya. Iye anali mlembi zikalata pulogalamu, utolankhani.

Pambuyo kugwa kwa "Land and Ufulu" ndi kupha Mfumu Alexander II natsutsa ntchito zigawenga ya phiko amakani ndi bungwe bungwe, zolinga lamanja la populism. Kumayambiriro '80s, iye anali kusamuka ku Switzerland ndiponso kupitiriza ntchito kumeneko. Pang'onopang'ono umasamutsidwa ku view Marxist. Iye anabwerera ku Russia pokhapokha utasintha cha 1917 chaka. Iye analemba mabuku ambiri pa Chaanthu, maphunziro, chikhalidwe.

amaonera Evolution yaikulu kusankha njira ya chitukuko ndi njira zophweka. kusiyana maganizo anali chifukwa maganizo pa tsogolo la dziko. bungwe poyamba anasankha zolinga sikuthandiza mofulumira ndisungunuka ndi lidzasinthidwa maphwando atsopano ndi magulu. Kugwa kwa "kusokonekera" imfa ya populism woona. ideologues ambiri anapitiriza ntchito kulemba mabuku a sayansi, kafukufuku m'minda ya Chaanthu, maphunziro chikhalidwe, nzeru.