Science History kwa chiyambi, mapangidwe, chitukuko

Ziwerengero mbiri amene tidzakambirana mwa ife lero - ndi sayansi, yomwe kale. Iwo inayambira kalekale. Statistical mchitidwe anaonekera chifukwa mapangidwe boma. Kuti izo adanyamuka, kunali koyenera kuti mudziwe pa dziko, chiwerengero cha anthu amene akukhala nawo, odetsedwa chuma, komanso zinthu zina zambiri. Ndipo anali deta ndi kusanthula ziwerengero nawo. Mbiri ya zikamera ndi kukula kwa zake zili m'nkhani ikugwira ntchito kwa onse dziko ndi sayansi zoweta. Tiyeni tiyambe ndi zakunja, ndi pite ku Russian ziwerengero kulongosola.

A History Mwachidule wa Development wa Kafukufuku

zaka zikwi zingapo zapitazo, zolemba za dziko ndi anthu, komanso zosiyanasiyana deta za iye unachitikira ku Egypt, Rome ndi China. Kuyambira kalekale anayamba kusonkhanitsa imfomeshoni yogwirizana ndi munda wa chidziwitso, monga ziwerengero. Mbiri ya chitukuko, motero akulandira Millennium. Pa nthawi ina, deta zinayamba kukonzedwa ndi kusanthula, osati kukumana, ndiye panali zikamera ziwerengero sayansi.

Sukulu ya masamu ndale, ndi mbali ziwiri ziwerengero ntchito yawo

masamu ndale England School umaimiridwa ndi oyambitsa monga D. Graunt (zaka za moyo - 1620-1674), E. Halley, amene anakhala ndi moyo kuyambira 1656 mpaka 1742, W. Zing'onozing'ono (1623-1687). mumaganiza awiri tingaone ntchito za ophunzira awa. The oyamba - zaziwerengero (Halley ndi Graunt) kukhala kukondera kwa zokhudza inshuwalansi. The malangizo chachiwiri - zowerengera ndi chuma, woimiridwa ndi W. Zing'onozing'ono. D. Graunt anali woyamba kupeza malamulo kulili misa zochitika za anthu. Iye anasonyeza bwanji kuti tisanthule ziti ndiponso pokonza zinthu zofunika. Graunt anapanga pofuna oyamba jambulani tebulo la imfa.

English zakuthambo E. Halley (chithunzi cha limaoneka pamwamba) adati malamulo a ambirimbiri. Iye anagwiritsa ntchito njira zolakwika kuchotsa (mwachisawawa). B. Zing'onozing'ono - wasayansi amene yatengedwa angapo ntchito sayansi amene amalembedwa mbiri ya chitukuko zowerengera. Mu ntchito izi adafuna kuunikira makamaka ichi kapena icho chodabwitsa, ngakhale kulibe deta lapadera.

Asayansi ntchito m'munda wa masamu ndale, anayesa kuti mufotokozere numerically boma la anthu ndi chitukuko, kumvetsa chito za zochitika zosiyanasiyana izo, wosawoneka mu misa zakuthupi. Zolinga kuti tizikhala pafupi kumvetsa panopa sayansi monga ziwerengero. Mbiri ya chitukuko zina amakhala ndi zinthu zatsopano. Ife chitani Kupenda awo.

Statistical ndi masamu malangizo

Mu zoyambirira za m'ma 19, wachitatu malangizo - zowerengera ndi masamu. Scientist A. Quetelet (zaka za moyo - 1796-1874, chithunzi anapereka pamwamba) anapanga zopereka wapadera kuti chitukuko. Ziwerengero anaitana sayansi chikhalidwe, mwachitsanzo, sayansi kuti amaphunzira malamulo a anthu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira kachulukidwe. Ketle kutsimikizira lingaliro la kutsatira dongosolo kuwapeza milandu misa, monga chida chofunikira ndi amene angathe kudziwa mfundo cholinga.

Komanso chitukuko cha Kumadzulo Kalembela

Ziwerengero History kunja m'ma 19 wakhala wodzilemekeza ndi mayina atsopano ndiponso achita. F. Galton (zaka za moyo - 1822-1911) ndipo K. Pirsons, amene anakhala ndi moyo kuyambira 1857 mpaka 1936 - asayansi a ku Britain amene adzipangira chopereka kwambiri kwa pofuna kukwaniritsa munda wa chidziwitso. The oyamba kwambiri yothetsera vuto la chibadwa. Galton (chithunzi cha zapatsidwa pamwambazi) posakhalitsa ntchito kwa kusanthula njira zake ziwerengero, amene anapereka zotsatira zabwino.

R. Fisher (zaka za moyo - 1890-1962) ndi wodziwika akatswiri Western m'chigawo cha chidwi cha m'ma 20. Iye anagwira ntchito kwa zaka 50. maphunziro ambiri Fisher kwambiri zimakhudza motani pofuna kukwaniritsa munda a chidziwitso, monga ziwerengero.

History of Ancient Lazaro Kafukufuku

Pamene dziko lathu, ku Russia, ngakhale mu zaka 10-12, mudziwe anali anasonkhana okhudza misonkho. Pa kusintha kwa Peter Ine anakhudzidwa pafupifupi mbali zonse za anthu. Mwambowu ya mfundo zolondola zowerengera zokhudza Kalembera wa mafakitale ndi zomera, mitengo tirigu, chiwerengero cha mizinda ndi anthu awo, voliyumu ya malonda ena ndi ena.

sukulu ofotokoza

Mu dziko lathu, ndi azimuth ofotokoza kusiyana mofulumira, ndipo pa maziko a izi anapanga mbiri ya zochitika mu Russia. Oimira waukulu wa sukulu ofotokoza - ngati asayansi MV Lomonosov (zaka za moyo - 1711-1765), IK Kirillov (1689-1737), K. F. German (1767-1838), komanso VN . Tatischev (chithunzi cha zapatsidwa pamwambazi), amene ankakhala nthawi kuchokera 1686 mpaka 1750.

Ntchito Kirillov - mmodzi wa oyamba mu dziko lathu mafotokozedwe zachuma ndi malo operekedwa systemically. Mbiri wotsatira wa chitukuko ziwerengero zokhudza dzina la wasayansi monga Tatishchev, amene anapanga chopereka chachikulu munda wa chidziwitso. Iye apanga mapulogalamu mwatsatanetsatane kuti amalola kuti mudziwe kuti kunali koyenera kuti buku la dziko la madera mmene zonse za dziko yazachuma.

Athandiza University mu Kafukufuku

Mbiri ya chitukuko ya zochitika mu dziko lathu, makamaka kugwirizana ndi dzina la sayansi yaikulu Mihaila Vasilevicha Lomonosova. Mu 1755 iye analemba buku lotchedwa "The mawu zotamanda Mfumu Peter Wamkulu." Iwo imawunikidwa pa akuyendera atatsala pang'ono kafukufuku Petro. Mikhail anakhudza m'mabuku ake nkhani zosiyanasiyana kuti n'zogwirizana ndi ndalama, anthu, zachilengedwe, ndi ena.

Kusintha njira kukonzekera ndi kafukufuku deta kufotokoza anthu, malo ndi chuma cha boma mu malonda, ulimi, mayendedwe, makampani ndi ena. Akuti wapadera phindu University. pulogalamuyi anayamba kupanga loyamba V. N. Tatischev. Bukuli linapangidwa kuti "Russian Atlas". Malinga ndi pulogalamu imeneyi, zigawo, mizinda anatumizidwa ku mitundu wapadera wa bwino. Kwa nthawi yaitali zipangizo anafika ku sukulu ya. Iwo amatha pokonza atamwalira Mikhail Vasilyevich.

Kukula kwa ziwerengero mu Russia m'zaka 19

mbiri ya zochitika za sayansi m'dziko lathu zinali zodzaza ndi chiwerengero cha zipambano m'zaka 19. chiwerengero cha ntchito yaikulu pa chiphunzitso cha munda wa chidziwitso, anaonekera pa chiyambi cha zana lino. K. F. German m'buku lake lotchedwa "The Universal Chiphunzitsochi wa Kafukufuku" anafotokoza motere mayendedwe zofunika, zomwe zimaonetsa sayansi. A mbali yaikulu mbiri ya chitukuko cha chidwi kwa ife chidziwitso cha makampani wa ntchito za K. I. Arseneva (zaka za moyo - 1789-1856). Katswiri anakhulupirira kuti sayansi zowerengera akhoza kufotokoza mokwanira bwino maonekedwe zinthu ku boma.

Scientist D. P. Zhuravskomu, amene ankakhala nthawi kuchokera 1810 mpaka 1856, yofunika kupambana - mawu a maziko ongolankhula wa ziwerengero za kachitidwe. Iye anatsegula mfundo kuti Mkhalidwe ndi kachulukidwe kusanthula ayenera kutengedwa ngati munthu.

Mbali khalidwe la anthu a sukulu maphunziro a sayansi kuti chidwi ife chawo chofuna kuonetsetsa kuti maphunziro a boma m'malo kuphunzira anthu. Pakuti oyambitsa ake monga E. Yu Janson (1835-93), AI Chuprov (zaka za moyo - 1842-1908) Na Kablukov AA Kaufman. Asayansi ntchito m'munda wa ziwerengero maphunziro mwachita kwambiri pa chitukuko cha sayansi chidwi kwa ife mu Russia. ntchito zawo kunathandiza zabwino pa ntchito mabungwe osiyanasiyana zowerengera. Pa chitukuko cha sayansi masamu m'dziko lathu, zimakhudza kwambiri opangidwa ntchito za masamu ngati Russian monga PP Chebyshev, A. A. Markov ndi A. M. Lyapunov.

mavuto masiku ano akuluakulu zowerengera mu dziko

Mu ntchito za V. I. Hotimskogo, V. N. Starovskogo, V. S. Nemchinova, B. S. Yastremskogo, A. Ya. Boyarskogo, lv Nekrasha ndi ziwerengero ena mbiri mwachidule mwachidule. Anasonkhanitsa zinachitikira asayansi Russian m'munda umenewu. Today mu dziko lathu kuwongolera dongosolo, komanso kulanda njira mfundo za akawunti anatengera kuchita padziko lonse mogwirizana ndi zofunikira za malamulo a chuma msika.

Kafukufuku State Komiti ya Russia lero ndi lolamulila la dongosolo boma ziwerengero mu dziko lathu. Ndi thupi boma la mphamvu wamkulu. boma ziwerengero dongosolo mu dziko lathu zikuimira mabungwe ena. Ichi ndi ziwalo ake mu mayiko a kumadela zigawo yoyenda yokha ndi maiko, m'madera ndi mizinda, komanso mabungwe awo wamng'ono.

Nkhani watsopano wa "Kafukufuku" Zikhulupiriro

Kukula kwa sayansi, kukula kwa malo a ntchito ake othandiza kwachititsa chakuti zili mfundo zake zasintha. Masiku ano, mawu akuti "ziwerengero" ntchito zotsatirazi mfundo zitatu.

1. Zimatanthauza Kuchita malonda a zochita za anthu, amene ali ndi cholinga la kusonkhanitsa ndi processing deta misa pa mbali zosiyanasiyana za moyo wa anthu, komanso kusanthula anayamba ndi kufalitsa. "Kafukufuku" Mwanjira imeneyi n'chimodzimodzi ndi mawu monga akuti "timva zowerengera."
2. Phindu lotsatira - zakuthupi digito kuti ntchito kuti mufotokozere munthu kapena dera lina la zochitika za anthu kapena ntchito tikaonetsetsa kufalitsa zina zizindikiro mawu a m'gawo.
3. Ziwerengero ali umatchedwanso nthambi ya chidziwitso, achiwiri chilango sayansi, komanso nkhani maphunziro, amene anaphunzitsa ku sekondale ndi apamwamba sukulu.

Kotero, ife mwachidule pofotokoza chidziwitso cha makampani monga ziwerengero. Mbiri ya zikamera ndi kukula wakhala m'nkhani ino. Kuyenera anatsindika kuti sayansi akadali osauka. History of ziwerengero mwachidule m'nkhani, kenako wodzilemekeza ndi zatsopano.