Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: chopereka kwa zamoyo. Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa chiphunzitso Lamarck a

Chiphunzitso woyamba mabuku a kusanduka bungwe Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. Muzipereka kwa akatswiri zochokera maganizo ndi mfundo amene analipo kale mabwalo a sayansi a nthawi. Ofunika kwambiri a iwo anali lingaliro la Scala naturae, komanso mfundo yoti zamoyo zosiyanasiyana za m'madera osiyana.

Scala naturae, «unyolo waukulu wa kukhala" ku Aristotle ndiponso mwina ku nthawi za kale. Ndi masanjidwe gulu dongosolo, pansi pa zomwe pali mogwirizana ndi pamwamba - ovuta kwambiri.

Mfundo za kusintha mitundu m'zaka za m'ma 19 anali zachilendo - asakhale yojambula Lamarck. Mwachitsanzo, Buffon, wakeyo, anafotokoza maganizo ake pa nkhaniyi, ngakhale iwo onse anali yosokoneza kwambiri.

Njira zamoyo

Lamarck anali njira yaminga ya sayansi, nthawi yaitali ntchito yausilikali, ndipo kwa zaka zinayi kuphunzira mankhwala, m'bale woyamba kusintha iye. Iye anadzakhala wophunzira wa kutsogolera French zachilengedwe Bernard de Jussieu, lolunjika pa zomera, ndi mu 1978 anatulutsa zitatu buku mndandanda wa zomera ndi French, chimene chinali chosangalatsa zokwanira tcheru anthu Buffon, amene anamutengera iye pansi phiko lake ndi wotetezedwa malo mu French Academy of Sciences ndi Royal Botanic Gardens . Pambuyo French kuukira boma mu 1793 minda anali lidzasinthidwa National Museum of History Natural, kumene Lamarck analimbikitsidwa ndi pulofesa wa invertebrates (ngakhale kuti sanali zapaderazi wake) umene unachitikira mpaka imfa yake.

Zoyenereza za chiphunzitso Jean-Baptiste Lamarck anachita kusanduka kuchokera ku zamoyo satanthauza. Ambiri mwa ntchito zake ndi kuitenga mopepuka - mawu "zamoyo" ndi chidali chifuniro chake, komanso mwadongosolo gulu "inakhala", "invertebrates", "tizilombo", "oti muli nazo zida", "kangaude", "echinoderms", "annelids".

Chiphunzitso cha Jean-Baptiste Lamarck limafotokonzera mabuku atatu. Iye anakhala ndi chidwi ndi zamoyo wa kusanja pa Museum of Natural History mndandanda wa malasha ndi mollusks ano Bruguière, woyang'anira wakale dipatimenti ya zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho nyama zonse zopanda mafupa. Lamarck anaona kuti iwo ndi ofanana, ndi kuchedwa yogawa awo mu nthawi, akhoza mme- mzere mwachindunji ku wamkulu ku zitsanzo zatsopano. Unachititsa maganizo ena kuti anapereka bukulo 1801, "Gulu Research matupi wamoyo."

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: chopereka kwa zamoyo

Koma mafotokozedwe weniweni wa tsatanetsatane wa kusanduka anaonekera mu ntchito yake yaikulu mu 1809, "nzeru za anthu a zinyama". Mu 1815 buku loyamba la buku "The History Natural wa Invertebrates", limene limafotokoza maganizo a Lamarck.

Lingaliro la "unyolo waukuru" wakhala mwala wapakona wa Lamarckian. Koma iye anapita patsogolo kuposa mbadwo wake, amayesa kupereka zifukwa njira yake, ndipo osati kutenga zokha mopepuka. Iye anandiuza kuti moyo wa chinyama zikuphatikizapo anamanga-mu mphamvu, ndi titadziwa khalidwe ndi kukhala zovuta kwambiri, yomwe ikanalongosola kukhalapo kwa zachilengedwe gulu masanjidwe. Izi sangakhoze chitsanzo kukwera masitepe, monga kayendedwe ka escalator lapansi.

Koma ndiye pali tingachipeze powerenga creationist mtsutso: ngati tinachita kusintha kuchokera ku anyani, n'chifukwa chiyani anyani zilipodi? Chagona pa mfundo yakuti Biogenesis - mapangidwe moyo watsopano - zimachitika nthawi zonse. M'mawu ena, pali escalators ambiri (aliyense m'gulu la Moyo), omwe ali mfundo zake poyambira. Anthu ndi zamoyo wamkulu ndi mphutsi - zatsopano.

Koma pali vuto lina. Gulu masanjidwe monga "mphutsi, nsomba, nyama zokwawa, mbalame, nyama, anyani, munthu," mwachitsanzo, mphaka sachiza. Pa mlingo wa utsogoleri wolowezana kumakhaladi zolimbitsa tanthauzo, ndipo apa pali gawo otchuka Lamarckian kuti: cholowa cha makhalidwe zinazake. Lingaliro ndi yosavuta.

Giraffe amakhala Savannah ndi mitengo yayitali. Izi induces ndi "zosowa" mu giraffe, ndipo amasintha khalidwe lawo kufika nthambi apamwamba. Malinga Lamarck, ntchito zina za khosi chingandithandize kukula chifukwa otaya kuchuluka kwa "madzimadzi yofunika". Boma latsopano la khosi ndi khalidwe yotengedwa, ndi akhoza kuwapereka kwa ana, nchifukwa chake tikulankhula za cholowa cha makhalidwe zinazake.

The kukambirana ndi zowona: ngati thupi si ntchito, madzi likuyenderera mu izo n'chochepa ndipo atrophies. Mwachitsanzo, limatiuza chifukwa okhala m'mapanga palibe maso.

Cholowa cha makhalidwe anapeza

Chitsanzo china - webbing pakati pa zala za nyama zambiri za m'madzi monga achule, akamba, otters ndi beavers. Kusambira nyama pali kufunika kulikankhira madzi umabwera kudzera mwa Kakhungu, chifukwa mwa iwo afika kwambiri "madzimadzi yofunika", monga ine ndinaganiza Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.

Muzipereka kwa Biology wasayansi zikuphatikizapo Cholinga chenicheni cha cholowa cha makhalidwe zinazake. Izi sizinali anapeza wa thupi ( "madzimadzi yofunika" silinapezeke). Zinali chinthu chilengedwe ndi mechanistic view, amene pa nthawi kunapezeka kuti woukira boma. Kulibe Mulungu monga mutu wa kusanduka. Lingaliro analinso akusemphana ndi mfundo yakuti zamoyo zitha kusinthidwa mu njira inayake.

Choncho, pali ziwiri zofunika Lamarckian mfundo. Choyamba ndi lingaliro la zachilengedwe, liniya patsogolo pa sikelo ya mavuto. Komabe, njira Ungwiro tortuous kwambiri: zamoyo atengere zinkachitika m'deralo, chifukwa zosiyanasiyana akalumikidzidwa ngakhale pa mlingo chomwecho cha kapangidwe.

Kudziwa chomwe Lamarckian akhoza otsutsa amayang'anitsitsa ubwino ndi kuipa kwa Jean-Baptiste Lamarck monga katswiriyu ndi mfundo yamakono ya view.

nzeru zapamwamba aliyense wa sayansi anganene kuti zolinga lamanja ndi mafunso bwino chimatanthauza amapanga theka la kafukufuku wa sayansi. Ndi chikutanthauza ndi yagoletsa ndi Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: zopereka ake sayansi inkakhala chakuti iye anamvetsa anayi mavuto waukulu wa mbiri zachilengedwe nthawi:

1. Chifukwa mitundu malasha amasiyana zilipo?
2. Chifukwa ena zamoyo ali obvuta kuposa ena?
3. N'chifukwa chiyani anthu osiyanasiyana?
4. Chifukwa zamoyo bwino ndinazolowera malo awo?

Kuipa Jean-Baptiste Lamarck kwagona iye analephera kupereka malongosoledwe lenileni, ngakhale si vuto lawo. Aliyense m'malo mwake ikaleka pa akonzedwa ofanana maganizo, osati kusankha zamoyo kapena masinthidwe.

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: chiphunzitso cha zolakwa

Lamarck amanena kuti malasha njira zosiyana, chifukwa iwo ali, kukwera escalator kusanduka, m'malo ndi zinthu zina. Tsopano ife tikudziwa kuti malasha mitundu a m'madera osiyanasiyana phylogeny, ndipo chotero osiyana.

Palibe chinthu chotero monga lonse la kwambiri. mitundu zovuta zimachitika ena taxa chifukwa cha mavuto awo wapadera. Chitsanzo kwambiri ankaikira zovuta - multicellular - ndi wapadera ndipo si chifukwa A azimuth wamba.

Zosiyanasiyana si protrude ku Biogenesis mosalekeza. mfundo zonse kwa ndiyekhayo moyo. The zosiyanasiyana chifukwa cha speciation.

Palibe zinthu monga "madzimadzi yofunika". Zamoyo ndinazolowera malo awo, pamene iwo adawoloka inexorable millstones kusankha zamoyo.

Mu kusankha zamoyo, monga masiku ano, izo n'komwe anthu onse a akadyamsonga yosiyana khosi kukula. Anthu ndi khosi yaitali angafikire nthambi apamwamba a mitengo, motero mabuku kwambiri. Zimenezi zimawachititsa mphamvu zambiri ubwino kubereka, amene mothamanga yaitali patsogolo kwa ulimi wa nambala yaikulu ya ana. Ngati tingayerekezere ndi chibadwa maziko khosi m'litali, ndiye, osalephera, izo adzabadwa yaitali khosi ana kuti kumibadwo yambiri m'malo korotkosheee.

Mu giraffe Lamarckian ayenera kuyesetsa mitengo apamwamba, ndi khosi ndi lengthened, ndipo imafalikira kwa ana.

Tsopano fallacy zoonekeratu chiphunzitso lachiwiri la phata, amene analengedwa ndi Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.

Zothandiza masinthidwe - kupatulapo m'malo ulamuliro

Zopereka wasayansi wa - lingaliro la patsogolo pa sikelo ya mavuto - komanso si anatsimikizira ngakhale pa mlingo maselo. Motu Kimura ndi Tomoko Ohta, oyambitsa lalikulu lero ndi okoloneytralnoy ndale zasokoneza maselo asonyeza kuti masinthidwe ambiri salowerera - alibe mphamvu iliyonse ya pa kusinthasintha kwa chamoyo. The Ofufuza chimati ambiri cha masinthidwe ndale kumakhudza ndi chiri chochepa kukhala kwenikweni noticeable. The zina cha masinthidwe ndi owononga, ndi ochepa okha a iwo kwenikweni zothandiza.

Ngati munali fated mzere kayendedwe ku ungwiro, masinthidwe onse adzakhala opindulitsa, koma zili ndi umboni.

Choncho, ngakhale mfundo Lamarck sanali anatsimikizira.

Limathetseratu vuto lina lililonse kwa zamulungu

Ganizo "madzi yofunika" sanali ambiri, choncho Lamarckian kusanduka ndi anatsutsa mpaka pamene ntchito ya "Origin of Species" Darwin si anagonjetsa dziko. Darwin anasonyeza chenicheni cha kusanduka. Komabe sanaphule aliyense kusankha zamoyo.

Lingaliro la makhalidwe tinatengera yotengedwa, imene anagwiritsa ntchito ngakhale Darwin, wakhala n'chimodzimodzi ndi Lamarckism, komanso chiwerengero cha ziphunzitso amene anali wotsutsana ndi kusankha zamoyo. ndiye Lamarckism wonse anapambana Darwin mabwalo sayansi. Theology, amene theka zapitazo anatsutsa Lamarckism, tsopano anavomereza kotheratu chabe chifukwa chakuti kanthu kwa "madzimadzi yofunika" mosavuta amati ndi mulungu kulenga, zochita wololera kuti azolowere chilengedwe, kunapezeka yabwino koposa "randomness" wa kusankha zamoyo.

Mu 1900, Lamarckism ndi selectionism adamenyedwa ndi wachiŵiri wa kusintha kwa maselo ndi Kubwera kwa chiphunzitsochi.

Zigawenga Lamarckism Lysenko

Mu Russia anayambitsa mitu wakuda m'mbiri ya zamoyo ndi sayansi ambiri: Lysenko. Trofim Lysenko anali mediocre katswiri ndi kusokoneza kwambiri ndale, imene anagwiritsa kukwera pamwamba wa Soviet sayansi zamoyo ndi 1930s unakhala mutu wa Academy wa ulimi Sciences. Apa iye opondereza njira zoika lingaliro yakeyake kusanduka - "Michurin njira", mtundu wa Lamarckism, n'kuyamba geneticists kusagwirizana ndi udindo uwu. Michurinizm anakhala "latsopano la sayansi", amene bwino yosayenera collectivization monga kusakaniza ndale ndi pseudoscience. Ndi Lysenko inali yololedwa anamaliza mu 1964.

Amakalamba - ndi Lamarckism latsopano?

Motero, chiphunzitso, njira ina kusankha zamoyo, kaya zinali kutsekedwa. Komabe, mu 2013, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, amene chopereka kwa zamoyo - Lamarckism - walephera, muli ndi mwayi pa konzanso. Pamenepo ntchito linasindikizidwa, malinga ndi zimene mbewa ophunzitsidwa kuopa fungo la acetophenone anapatsa mphamvu izi anatengera. New Scientist magazini dzina lake Umboni Lamarckian cholowa cha makhalidwe zinazake. Komabe, zotsatira zachokera amakalamba - kusintha mu ntchito imene imachititsa osati majini iwo wokha, mogwirizana ndi kusankha zamoyo. Motero, chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko Jean-Baptiste Lamarck mwina kachiwiri asintha khalidwe lawo.