Chilamulo zofanana

The Great Dictionary wa mawu ofanana (Latin zikumveka ngati aequivalens) limafotokoza mmene chinthu ofanana, kapena ofanana ndi ofanana ndi mnzake, kuti mosavuta m'malo. Mu umagwirira, lamulo la zofanana (ntchito kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 18 mochedwa, izo kusukulu, ntchito akatswiri ndi akatswiri ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana mu chiphunzitso ndi kuchita) ikuti kuti mankhwala tonsefe mogwirizana ndi zofanana zawo. Tsegulani Lamulo linali German sayansi I. Richter, amene zochita yaitali kudziwika. Mu ntchito zake atatu a buku lofalitsidwa mu nthawi kuchokera 1792 kwa zaka 1794, wakuti "Mfundo za stoichiometry, kapena njira kuona zinthu zimachitikira", maphunziro wasonyeza kuti mankhwala anatani chiŵerengero yosavuta. Iwo anayambitsa mawu monga "stoichiometry". Tsopano ziri gawo lonse zimapangidwira, limene limafotokoza chiŵerengero cha reactants ndi kulowa mogwirizana mankhwala.

Richter woyamba ntchito yake anabweretsa kachulukidwe anachita maikwezhoni. Iwo kuimira kulowa makonzedwe okhala ndi nkhani Mkhalidwe ndi kachulukidwe za njira kunachitika mogwirizana yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala otchedwa reagents. Ngakhale pamene sayansi alchemical potanthauza zinthu yosavuta ofufuza ntchito zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana kenako chilinganizo zovuta (wopangidwa mwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana) anali anapeza mankhwala. Koma I. V. Rihter (mchikakamizo cha mphunzitsi wake ndi nzeru zapamwamba Immanuel Kant, amene ankati zina za sayansi zachilengedwe zili sayansi zambiri woona monga lili masamu) ntchito mu nkhani yolembedwa ya mitunduyi mankhwala ndi mawu akuti "stoichiometry", anafotokoza zimene anthu aone kuti pali kachulukidwe ndipo anatsegula zofanana malamulo. kachitidwe, kuonetsera akhoza kulembedwa: E2 • m1 = E1 • m2. Kodi m1 ndi m2 - kulemera zinthu ndi "1" ndi "2", unreacted, ndi A1 ndi A2 - ndi zofanana zawo mankhwala.

Kuti timvetse zofanana chilamulo, m'pofunika mwachindunji tsoka - ndi ochiritsira chiwerengero chenicheni kapena mankhwala kuti akhoza angagwirizanitse cation wa hydrogen ku asidi-soda anachita kapena elekitironi chifukwa cha zochita redox. Chofanana misa - ambirimbiri ofanana wina. Akukhulupirira tsoka munthu amachitira mankhwala (kapena displaces) ndi 1 galamu a haidrojini kapena mpweya ndi magalamu 8 kapena magalamu 35,5 la chlorine. Zochita kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ofanana pafupipafupi ali ndi kukula ochepa, choncho nthawi m'kukoma timadontho-timadontho. Mu Mole uli kuchuluka zonse particles (maatomu, ayoni kapena mamolekyulu) ndi wofanana ndi chiwerengero Avagadro: Na = 6,02214179 (30) × 1023. Kulemera kwa Mole mmodzi wa thunthu, m'kukoma magalamu, ndi numerically wofanana ake kulemera atomiki misa mayunitsi.

Zochokera zofanana la chilamulo, tikhoza kunena kuti asidi-m'munsi titration likuyenderera mu anthu aone kuti pali anachita: KOH + HCl → KCl + H2O, chifukwa mogwirizana kwa 1 Mfuko la hydroxide potaziyamu ndi 1 Mfuko la acid amathiridwa analandira 1 Mfuko la mchere wotchedwa mankhwala enaake potassium ndipo 1 Mfuko la madzi. Ndiko kuti, thupi lofanana hydroxide potaziyamu liri E KOH = 39 + 16 + 1 = 56 ga acid amathiridwa - E HCl = 1 + 35 = 36 ga, potaziyamu mankhwala enaake - E KCl = 39 + 35 = 74 ga, madzi - E H2O = • 2 1 + 16 = 18 kuti kwathunthu n'chongoletsa 56 ga hydroxide zofunika potaziyamu 36 ga acid amathiridwa. Ndipo zotsatira zake zidzakhala 74 ga mankhwala enaake potaziyamu ndi 18 ga madzi. Koma popeza lamulo kulemera zinthu, unreacted molingana ndi zofanana zawo, ndiye kudziwa kuchuluka kwa reagent mukhoza kuwerengera mmene adzalowa anachita kapena reagent chachiwiri kuwerengera mankhwala zokolola.

Mwachitsanzo, pamene chifuniro cha mankhwala enaake potassium ngati amadziwika kuti acid amathiridwa kwathunthu zopanda mwa 100 ga hydroxide potaziyamu? Pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo la zofanana, akhoza kulembedwa: 56 • mKCl = 74 • 100. Kenako mKCl = (74 • 100) / 56 = 132 A la acid amathiridwa ku n'chongoletsa ndi hydroxide potaziyamu chofunika 100 64 100 Ngati hydroxide mzinda ga potaziyamu kuti n'chongoletsa chidulo sulfuric: 2KOH + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2H2O, imeneyi imafunika ndalama yosiyana acid. Malinga ndi koefishienti stoichiometric wa linachepa, 2 timadontho-timadontho a hydroxide potaziyamu anatani 1 Mole asidi sulfuric ndipo zotsatira zake ndi Mole 1 wa sulphate potaziyamu ndi 2 Mfuko la madzi. Podziwa chimene kulemera kwa zinthu unreacted njila ofanana zolemera, munthu akhoza kulemba: 2 • 56 • 98 • mH2SO4 = 100, ndiye 100 n'chongoletsa ndi hydroxide potaziyamu chofunika mH2SO4 = 88 ga asidi sulfuric. Izi ndipamene 155 ga sulphate potaziyamu. Kuchuluka kwa madzi ndinapatsidwa ndi neutralization 100 ga asidi potaziyamu hydroxide hydrochloric kapena sulfuric, adzakhala yemweyo ndi wofanana 32 g.

Akugwira ntchito zofanana Amachita zimapangidwira (mawunikidwe, zochita kupanga, organic, etc.) zipangizo kuphunzira ndi mayesero ena zochokera mawerengedwe a muyezo wa zosiyanasiyana mankhwala. Komanso, ntchito (kukonzekera muyeso chuma) mu kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya zasayansi, woyendetsa kapena makhazikitsidwe mafakitale kwa kaphatikizidwe wa mankhwala mankhwala. Iwo ankachita ntchito akatswiri a mankhwala, mankhwala, zamoyo ukhondo-AIDS Laboratories, lomwe ndi maziko a mitunduyi ndi amene mawerengedwe a zotsatira ambiri mayeso.