Petr Berngardovich Struve: yonena, maganizo, chopereka kwa Sociology

Petr Berngardovich Struve (1870-1944) - mmodzi wa olemekezeka kanjedza Russian anthu ndi andale. zofuna zake monga zachuma, utolankhani, mbiri ndi nzeru.

Petr Berngardovich Struve: yochepa yonena

Anabadwa mu banja Berngarda Struve, amene anali bwanamkubwa wa Perm, Peter maphunziro kwambiri.

sukulu yake yoyamba inali ya sekondale ku St. Petersburg. Mnyamata wachuma anaganiza kusiya nyumba makolo ndi moyo mu nyumba AM Kalmykova m'malo amake, iye anapita ku University mu mzinda womwewo. Poyamba, Petro atapita mphamvu ya sayansi, ndiye (chaka chimodzi) wadutsa Chilamulo.

zowawa zake kuti chiphunzitso Marxist anali amphamvu kwambiri, zomwe zinachititsa kuti gulu la bwalo thematic. Yunivesite Petr Berngardovich Struve anaphunzira 1894, pa nthawi imene iye anapita Austria, kumene iye anali pulofesa wa Chaanthu L. Gumplowicz. N'kumene Peter anasankha kukhala zachuma ndi.

Chiyambi cha ntchito journalistic

Nkhani yoyamba, omwe analemba ndi lofalitsidwa Petr Berngardovich Struve, yofalitsidwa mu imodzi ya German manyuzipepala Social-Democratic pamene anali ku Austria.

Kufotokoza zochitika Struve monga publicist, izo zikhoza kugawidwa mu magawo zotsatirazi mzake awiri:

1. Pre-chosintha. Makalata nkhani essays, Zalembedwa pamaso 1907, anali mbali ya kuphunzira ndi kutsutsa ziphunzitso Marx a. iwo kusonyeza zamoyo za maganizo a Peter m'munda wa zachuma ndi Chaanthu.
2. Post-chosintha. Activities Struve mu nthawi iyi anali kulimbana kusunga umodzi wa Russia. Chinaonekeranso kutsutsa umalimbana ndi maximalism chosintha.

Ambiri, zochitika panopa amagwira ntchito chithunzi umu ntchito sikelo Lembaninso ndiponso kuganizira njira mkati zikuchitika mmadera Russian pa nthawi imeneyo, amazionera za khalidwe la anthu.

maganizo Political wa Struve ndi kusanduka awo

Iye ndi admirer odzipereka a Marxism unyamata wake, Struve Petr Berngardovich pambuyo zochitika chosintha cha 1907 anakonzeka udindo wa liberalism ndiwofatsa. The ndondomeko ya besprimeren kusintha ndale, koma achotse makhalidwe a ndale a Peter anatumikira ntchito yake zachuma, Chaanthu, philology ndi nzeru. Akunena za iye mwini, Petr Berngardovich Struve anaona kuti malo ake sangathe anatsimikiza kuganizira meridians chipani ndale.

Chifukwa cha zikhulupiriro ndale ndi activism V. I. Lenin anapereka Struve zoipa ziyenera amene anakhudzidwa mbiri zaka. Mu Soviet Union, fanizo la mtengo paliponse sayansi ndi chikhalidwe wakhala yekha mu njira zoipa, ndipo ntchito sichinayambe lofalitsidwa. The zinthu zinasintha mu zaka lomaliza la Soviet Union, ndipo lero akhoza kwathunthu yokutidwa chitukuko ndi mphatso za kukula kwa cholowa ozindikira ndipo ndale za dziko lathu.

Kuyambira Marxism kuti kayendedwe aufulu

Amafuna maganizo m'malo view Marxist akubwera nzeru zaumunthu chabe ndi owolowa manja conservatism, omwe anakhala mwaukali kuteteza Struve Petr Berngardovich. Wambiri chithunzi zikuphatikizapo zambiri mayina wotchuka kumuthandiza mu otsutsiratu ndi Russian boma. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, amene akufalitsa nyumba "Contemporary Review" unapangidwa bungwe mu 1900. ntchito yake yaikulu inali buku la zolemba zosiyanasiyana zimene zikhoza kuswa boma alipo.

Pambuyo kutenga mbali mu misa chionetsero Peter ukapolo, iye anali kupita ku Tver. Ntchito zachuma wofalitsa D. E. Zhukovskogo, amene anali kuonera wake, Struve anatha kukonza linanena bungwe la magazini "Kumasuka" mu Germany. Kuti mupeze chilolezo kusiya mtolankhani kuti andithandize ndi anzake otchuka.

Komabe, buku sakanatha kupewa kulemba ntchito zolembalemba phunziro la maziko nthanthi ndondomeko owolowa manja. Homecoming zaka zisanu zokha pamene ntchito imodzi ya mafani ndi Amnesty pa milandu ndale linatulutsidwa Struve Petr Berngardovich. Wambiri nzeru zapamwamba mtolankhani kwa zaka khumi la moyo, limafotokoza ntchito yake pa Institute Polytechnic ku St. Petersburg. Poyamba mphunzitsi, lecturer ndi pulofesa modabwitsa, iye unakhala mutu wa dipatimenti ya chuma ndale.

Nthawi imeneyi, zinalembedwa ndi waukulu ntchito chuma Peter ( "Economy ndi Price"), mabuku osiyanasiyana omwe anakhala mbuye wake ndi digiri.

Nkhondo yolimbana Bolshevism

Chisinthiko cha Bolshevik anali Struve maganizo oyipa kwambiri. Mosakhalitsa miyezi ingapo kuchokera pamene zinthu izi, Peter Struve ndi Berngardovich G. N. Trubetskoy anapita Don. Pamene iwo onse anali a Center Kumanja (gulu oletsedwa). Antchito anali wakhama mu mapangidwe a Muzikonza Army. Kumeneko, Peter anakhala membala wosankhidwa wa Don bungwe boma, lomwe anachita msonkhano wa ndale ndipo anachita pansi General Alekseev.

Pambuyo asilikali anakakamizidwa kuchita otchedwa Ice msonkhano, Struve mobisa anafika ku likulu. Iye anali miyezi yoposa isanu kukhala udindo oletsedwa. Nthawi imeneyi, Peter nawo ndondomeko za kulenga mmodzi wa wamphamvu odana Bolshevik mobisa bungwe lotchedwa "National Center". Place ntchito anali Moscow nthambi ya gulu.

Kutatsala mantha wofiira, chikwiyire ndi kuphedwa chiwembucho Lenin, mtsogoleri kuti achoke likulu. akubisala ake anali ndendende Alyatino mu Vologda.

Ntchito mu Europe

Pambuyo pake, ulendo m'mayiko a kumpoto kwa Russia, Struve anatha kupita ku Finland. Pano iye ndi AV Kartashov (yemwenso pakati) anakomana ndi General N. N. Yudenichem ndi unachitikira nkhani za gulu la ntchito olowa. Chifukwa cha yolongosoka ndi skilful ntchito ya mamembala a magulu odana Bolshevik, Yudenich anatsogolera pakati asilikali ndale Finland.

tcheru Petro anali kupereka pa "Committee Russian kumasulidwa." Bungweli anakhazikitsidwa mu 1919 ndipo anachita nawo chitsitsimutso cha Russia, komanso kulera kutchuka kwake pakati limati zina. Komiti anali mu kope tsiku la mapepala mabuku zosonyeza zochitika zenizeni mu Russia. Kukhazikitsa kulankhulana ndi asilikali A. V. Kolchakom ndi boma lake chinathandiza Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa ang'onoang'ono kuti "Center National".

No layamba Struve ntchito pamene kukhala mu France ntchito ndi anthu a "misonkhano Russian ndale."

Khama lake, katswiri wa nzeru ndi wolemba, analamulidwa ndi bwalo la RSFSR imfa. Ngakhale izi, Petulo anapitiriza mgwirizano wake ndi akazembe White ndi ntchito yogwira journalistic.

Peter Struve anafa Paris mu 1944, kumene ankakhala ndi banja lake kuyambira 1942.

maganizo nzeru zapamwamba pa chiphunzitso andale

Struve anali kuimira otchedwa Marxism milandu Russia. Mawu amenewa nthawi zambiri amatchedwa kayendedwe chikhalidwe chimene, ku mfundo ongolankhula ndi maganizo a view, amazindikira kulondola kwa Marx ndi chiphunzitso chake chuma zikukhalira mbiri ya dongosolo capitalist.

Antchito anavomereza njira capitalist chitukuko cha chuma monga maziko zotheka kuti chitukuko chuma Russia. Kukhazikitsa zothandiza kusintha zinthu zina ndi zinthu kulima zimene munthu akhoza kukhazikitsa, izi ndi zinthu zofunika kuti anasankha Struve Petr Berngardovich. Maganizo a chithunzi ichi kogwirizana ndi mfundo za bungwe la boma bourgeois. Struve anamutenga mbali yofunika kwambiri, akuzitcha "kulinganiza kwa dongosolo", okhoza kuthetsa mikangano ya chikhalidwe chikhalidwe, komanso kusintha kwa anthu mu mawu chuma ndi ndale.

Luso Peter Struve

Methodology Struve anakana zigawo zitatu zinalili mu malingaliro a zachuma zandale :

• Ntchito chiphunzitso cha mtengo.
• Chiphunzitso cha zofunikira mmphepete.
• Mbiri School.

chiwerengerochi chinali chimodzi mwa oyambirira omwe dongosolo ndi njira kukhazikitsa maziko imene anamanga siyana za chuma ndale. Iye akufuna dongosolo atatu gawo ubale:

• Banja.
• Off-munda.
• Umoyo-zipatso.

Iye ngwa zoona kuti kusintha sapita kauntala miyambo moyo wa anthu ndi mfundo za chikhalidwe. Iwo ayenera kumanga pa maziko.

Petr Berngardovich Struve: chopereka kwa Sociology

M'pofunikanso kutchula dongosolo ndi zachuma, anafotokozedwa ndi nzeru zapamwamba a. Bukuli lili ndi mfundo monga "mtengo", "Ubwino zachuma", "ndalama" ndi "mtengo." The peculiarity a dongosolo ndi kuti "mtengo" wa gulu apatsidwa udindo zofunika kwambiri. Iwo anafuna kumanga zenizeni lonse umoyo ndi zachuma. Komanso gulu Struve lakonzedwa monga maziko onse umoyo ndi zachuma utalembedwa-kutali, pa nthawiyo, monga Marx ntchito Mwaichi, chiphunzitso cha mtengo zotsala.

Kulungamitsidwa za kufunikira "ndiwofatsa zisinthe" mu Russia - chimodzi maganizo waukulu anayamba Petr Berngardovich Struve. Sociology chimaphunzitsidwa mayunivesite ano, kuphunzira chiphunzitso cha democratization a mtundu Russian, chithunzi akufuna. Malinga ndi iye, chofunika chuma zotsatirazi:

• gwero lenileni.
• Matenda chigawo.
• Dala chigawo.
• Zotengera malingaliridwe moyo.
• Chikhalidwe ndi mbiri chuma.
• Zinchito gwero.

Struve zochita pa chitukuko ndi chiphunzitso cha chikhalidwe

anathandiza kuti ntchito m'munda anayambitsa pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula zamalankhulidwe, ntchito m'mabuku. mafano ake anali Nikolai Leskov, Nikolai Gogol, F. Dostoevsky ndi olemba ena otchuka. Komanso, Struve pansi chofufuzidwa ndi ntchito yolenga ya Pushkin kumuyitana munthu abwino mu mbali umoyo ndale za moyo.
Wafilosofi ankati mfundo za kuzindikira za chitetezo cha ufulu payekha, komanso kukhalabe khola kuti ndale ndi amphamvu boma mphamvu. Anaonetsa kuti munthu wa chikhalidwe Russian - kugwirizana ndi njira za kulumikizana ndi asamathe boma splochayuschee mtundu. Culture pakuti ali tanthauzo lake: kugwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zawo kulenga ndi zinathandiza. Struve ankakhulupirira kuti madera onse (ntchito, ndale, Gona fuko) kuti kundipatsa chikhalidwe.

zolembalemba cholowa

Imodzi mwa ntchito zofunikira kwambiri mabuku amene analenga Petr Berngardovich Struve - 'luntha ndi utasintha "(1909). Ndipotu, ntchito imeneyi ndi nkhani yomwe M'buku "Zosaiwalika".

Collection Struve, kuphatikizapo ndemanga zake zonse zochitika zofunika ndale ndiponso chikhalidwe zikuchitika mu Russia ndi mayiko ena, linasindikizidwa mu 2004 ndipo inali ndi mutu wa "The Diary ndale."