Nobel Prize mu Chemistry. Nobel Prize mu Chemistry

Nobel Prize mu Chemistry wakhala kupereka kuyambira 1901. wopambana wake woyamba anali Yakobo van't Hoff. sayansi iyi analandira mphoto chifukwa cha malamulo a kuthamanga ndi mankhwala mphamvu osmotic, kutsegula. Kumene, opambana onse sangathe anauza m'nkhani limodzi. Tikambirana wotchuka kwambiri, komanso anthu amene anali kupereka mphoto ya Nobel mu umagwirira mu zaka zingapo zapitazi.

Ernest Rutherford

Mmodzi wa akatswiri otchuka kwambiri ndi Ernest Rutherford. Nobel Prize analandira mu 1908 phunziro la zinthu azingokhala zinthu nyukiliya. Zaka za moyo wa wasayansi - 1871-1937. Ichi ndi English sayansi ndi wasayansi, wobadwa ku New Zealand. Zakugonjetsa ake pa maphunziro pa Nelson College, analandira maphunziro amene analola kuti apite Christchurch, New Zealand City, kumene Canterbury College. Mu 1894, Rutherford anakhala BSc. Patapita nthawi, wasayansi anali kupereka maphunziro pa University Cambridge amene ali mu England ndipo anasamukira ku dziko.

Mu chaka cha 1898, Rutherford anayamba kuchita zinthu zatsopano zofunika zokhudza nyukiliya ureniamu cheza. Patapita nthawi, ali awiri a mtundu wake anali apeza: Alpha cheza ndi kunyezimira beta. The kudutsa woyamba yekha mtunda kakang'ono, ndipo chachiwiri - kuti wamkulu kwambiri. Patapita kanthawi, Rutherford anapeza kuti thorium limatulutsa wapadera nyukiliya gaseous mankhwala. Iye anaitana zochitika zimenezi "emanation" (umuna).

latsopano kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti actinium ndi Analandira emanation anachita. Rutherford zochokera atulukira ndi zinafika mfundo zofunika. Iye anapeza kuti Alpha ndi beta cheza zimatulutsa zinthu zonse nyukiliya. Komanso, mpweya wa poizoni awo amachepetsa patapita nthawi zina za nthawi. Atafufuza izi zinali zotheka kuti Mfundo Yofunika. kudziwika sayansi zinthu zonse nyukiliya ngati anamaliza wasayansi, mbali ya banja limodzi la atomu, ndi kuchepa kwa mpweya wa poizoni angathe kumwedwa ngati maziko a gulu lawo.

Mariya Kyuri (Curie)

Mkazi woyamba amene anali kupereka mphoto ya Nobel mu zimapangidwira, anakhala Mariya Kyuri. Nkofunika chochitika sayansi chinachitika mu 1911. Nobel Prize mu Chemistry anali kupereka kwa iye atulukira polonium ndi Analandira kudzipatula Analandira ndi kuphunzira kugwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha zinthu lomaliza. Maria anabadwa mu Poland, nthawi zina anasamukira ku France. Zaka moyo wake - 1867-1934. Curie anakhala wopambana wa Nobel Prize, osati umagwirira komanso sayansi (1903 ichitikire ndi Pierre Curie ndi Anri Bekkerelem).

Marii Kyuri anayenera kuzindikira kuti akazi nthawi wake pafupifupi anatseka m'njira sayansi. Pa yunivesite ya Warsaw sanawatengere iwo. Komanso, Curie banjali linali losauka. Komabe, Mariya anali wokhoza maphunziro apamwamba ku Paris.

zikayenda Major Marii Kyuri

Anri Bekkerel anapeza mu 1896 kuti ureniamu mankhwala zimatulutsa kuwala kwa magetsi kuti akhoza kudutsa kwambiri. Cheza Becquerel, mosiyana ndi lotseguka V. Roentgen mu chaka 1895, panali chifukwa cha malemeredwe ena anthu wamba. Icho chinali mkati ureniamu katundu. Mary chidwi zodabwitsazi. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 1898 iye anayamba kuphunzira. kafukufuku anayesera kuti aone ngati pali zinthu zina zimene angathe zimatulutsa kuwala izi. Mu December chaka cha 1898, Pierre ndi Mariya Kyuri anapeza zinthu ziwiri zatsopano. Iwo ankatchedwa Analandira ndi polonium (pambuyo Marie dziko la Poland). Pambuyo ntchito pa kudzipatula awo ndi kuphunzira za katundu wawo. Mu 1910, pamodzi ndi André Marie Debirnom kuzindikiridwa zachitsulo Analandira mu maonekedwe ake angwiro. Choncho inatha zaka 12 zapitazo anayamba mndandanda wa zofufuza.

Laynus Karl Poling

Munthu ameneyu wa pa akatswiri wamkulu. Nobel Prize analandira mu 1954 phunziro la chikhalidwe cha mankhwala akapolo, komanso tanthauzo lake kudziwa kapangidwe ka mankhwala.

Pauling zaka moyo - 1901-1994. Iye anabadwa mu United States, Oregon (Portland). Monga katswiriyu Pauling kale ankaphunzira X-ray crystallography. Iye sankadziwa mmene cheza ndi kudutsa Krustalo, ndipo pali chitsanzo khalidwe. Pa chithunzi ichi angathe kudziwa kapangidwe atomiki wa thunthu. Pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi, asayansi kuphunzira chikhalidwe cha zomangira mu benzene ndi mankhwala ena onunkhira.

Mu 1928 godu Pauling analenga mwakusakaniza chiphunzitso (kumveka) mankhwala kogwirizana kuti amapezeka mankhwala onunkhira. Mu 1934, wasayansi anacheukira anthu a sayansi, makamaka zakudya zomanga thupi sayansi. Pamodzi ndi Alexander Mirsky analenga chiphunzitso cha ntchito ndi mapuloteni dongosolo. Pamodzi ndi Ch Corwell sayansi iyi kuphunzira zotsatira za mpweya machulukitsidwe (oxygenation) pa katundu maginito ya mapuloteni hemoglobin. Mu 1942, kafukufuku anali wokhoza kusintha kapangidwe mankhwala globulin (mapuloteni mu magazi). Mu 1951 godu Pauling ndi R. Corey lofalitsidwa ntchito zoyenera kapangidwe maselo mapulotini. Ndi zotsatira za ntchito, zomwe zinachitika zaka 14. Kugwiritsa X-ray crystallography kuphunzira zimapanga minofu, tsitsi, tsitsi, misomali ndipo zimakhala zina, asayansi anapanga anapeza zofunika. Iwo anapeza kuti unyolo mapuloteni la amino zidulo anapotoza mu mwauzimu ndi. Zinali pasadakhale kwambiri mu sayansi.

S. Hinshelwood ndi Semenov

Inu mwina mukufuna kuti mudziwe ngati pali Russian Nobel Prize mu Chemistry. Ngakhale ena a m'dziko mwathu muno akhala asankha chifukwa mphoto imeneyi, kokha Semenov nacho icho. Pamodzi ndi Hinshelwood anali kupereka mphoto kwa kuphunzira limagwirira cha zochita mankhwala mu 1956.

Hinshelwood - British wasayansi (zaka moyo - 1897-1967). Ntchito yaikulu ya wake n'zogwirizana ndi kuphunzira zochita unyolo. Iye akafufuze zofufuza kwenikweni komanso limagwirira cha zochita za mtundu uwu.

Semenov Nikolai Nikolaevich (zaka za moyo - 1896-1986) - Russian sayansi ndi wasayansi anachokera ku mzinda wa Saratov. Vuto loyamba sayansi kuti chidwi anali ionized mpweya. Wasayansi, akadali kukhala wophunzira yunivesite analemba nkhani yoyamba za mwansanga pakati mamolekyulu ndi ma elekitironi. Patapita kanthawi iye anayamba kuphunzira kwambiri njira ya recombination ndi dissociation. Komanso, anakhala chidwi mbali ya condensation maselo ndi kumamatira nthunzi zikuchitika padziko pamwamba olimba. Atafufuza iwo nkotheka kupeza ubale pakati pa kutentha pamwamba pa zomwe condensation imachitidwa ndi osalimba nthunzi. Mu 1934, wasayansi zafalitsa pepala mu zomwe zinasonyeza kuti zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo polymerization, chitani ndi limagwirira kapena zochita nthambi unyolo.

Robert Burns Woodward

Onse Wopambana wa Nobel Prize mu umagwirira adzipangira chopereka chachikulu sayansi, koma R. Woodward amaima pakati pawo. Robert kwambiri lero. wasayansi ameneyu anali kupereka mphoto ya Nobel mu 1965. Iye sadamlandire chopereka wake kumunda wa kaphatikizidwe organic. Zaka moyo Robert - 1917-1979. Iye anabadwa mu US, mu mzinda US wa Boston ili Massachusetts.

Kupambana poyamba m'munda wa umagwirira Woodward anachita pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, pamene iye anali "Polaroid Corporation" kampani mlangizi. Chifukwa cha nkhondo sikudakhala kwinini zokwanira. Izi odana malungowa mankhwala ankagwiritsidwanso ntchito kupanga mandala. Woodward ndi W. Doering, mnzake wake, ndi zipangizo mosavuta ndi zida muyezo kale pambuyo miyezi 14 ntchito ikuchitika kaphatikizidwe wa kwinini.

Patatha zaka 3, pamodzi ndi Schramm, sayansi iyi walenga mapuloteni analogue kujowina mu unyolo yaitali mayunitsi kwa amino acid. The polypeptides analandira chifukwa cha ichi, akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito yopanga mankhwala ndi mapulasitiki kupanga. Komanso, ndi thandizo lawo, linayamba kuphunzira kagayidwe mapuloteni. Woodward mu 1951 anayamba kugwira ntchito pa kaphatikizidwe wa mankhwala. Mwa mankhwala analandira anali lanosterol, wotchedwa chlorophyll, reserpine, asidi lysergic, vitamini B12, colchicine, prostaglandin F2a. Kenako, ambiri a mankhwala kukonzekera iye ndi a Institute "Ciba Corporation" amene wotsogolera iye anali, anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu makampani. Nefalosporin C anali mmodzi mwa anthu ofunika kwambiri. Maantibayotiki monga penicillin, amene ntchito pa matenda oyamba ndi bakiteriya.

mndandanda wa mayina asayansi, anali kupereka m'zaka za zana la 21, Mphoto Nobel mu umagwirira adzakhala lowonjezera, khumi chachiwiri.

A. Suzuki, Negishi E., R. chani

Ochita kafukufuku amenewa anapatsidwa kwa chitukuko cha njira zatsopano interconnecting ndi mpweya maatomu kumanga maselo. Iwo anapatsidwa Mphoto Nobel mu Chemistry mu 2010. Chani, ndipo Negishi - America komanso Akira Suzuki - nzika ya Japan. Cholinga chawo chinali chilengedwe cha maselo organic. Mu sukulu timaphunzira kuti mankhwala organic wapangidwa maatomu mpweya amene amapanga mafupa a molekyulu ndi. Kwa nthawi yaitali asayansi vuto linali kuti mpweya maatomu ndi ovuta zimagwirizizirana ndi maatomu ena. Chothandizira nkhani, zopangidwa palladium, anakwanitsa kuthetsa vutoli. Mu zochitika za chothandizira mpweya maatomu zitsulo kucheza ndi mzake kupanga nyumba zovuta organic. njira izi kuphunzira ndi Nobel Prize Chemistry chaka chino. Pafupifupi imodzi, zimene zinachitikadi, dzina lake polemekeza sayansi.

R. Lefkowitz, M. Karplus, B. Kobilka

Lefkowitz (onani chithunzi pamwambapa), Kobilka ndi Karplus - ndicho amene anapambana Nobel Prize mu Chemistry mu 2012. mphoto unapita kwa asayansi atatu phunziro la zolumukizidwa G-mapuloteni zolumukizidwa ndi maselo. Robert Lefkowitz - nzika US amene anabadwa April 15, 1943 Mbali yaikulu ya ntchito yake kafukufuku ndi bioreceptors odzipereka ndi kusintha chizindikiro awo. Lefkowitz mbali zinchito anafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane, dongosolo ndi ndondomeko ya maselo β-adrenergic ndi mtundu 2 zolimbana mapuloteni: β-arrestin ndi GRK-kinase. sayansi iyi mu 1980 ndi anzake anagwira cloning la jini udindo machitidwe a β-adrenergic cholandilira.

B. Kobilka - amachokera ku United States. Iye anabadwira mu mzinda wa Little Falls (Minnesota). Nditamaliza maphunziro iye ntchito kuyang'aniridwa ndi katswiriyu Lefkowitz.

Nobel Prize mu Chemistry 2012 anali kupereka kwa M. Karplus. Iye anabadwa mu Vienna mu 1930. Karplus anachokera ku banja la Ayuda amene anali kusamukira ku US kuthawa kuzunzidwa ndi Anazi. M'dera chachikulu cha kafukufuku wasayansi unakhala nyukiliya maginito kafukufuku wazamawalidwe, kwadzidzidzi umagwirira ndi kinetics wa mankhwala zako.

M. Karplus, M. Levitt, A. Uorshel

Tiyeni tifike ku laureates wa 2013 Prize. Asayansi Karplus (onani chithunzi m'munsimu), Uorshel Levitt ndipo ndiri nacho icho kumbuyo chitsanzo cha machitidwe zovuta mankhwala.

M. Levitt anabadwa mu South Africa mu 1947. Pamene iye anali ndi zaka 16, banja Michael anasamukira ku UK. Mu London, iye analembetsa mu 1967 pa Royal College kenako anapitiriza maphunziro ake ku yunivesite ya Cambridge. ntchito yake pa Laboratory wa maselo Biology ya University zokhudza chilengedwe zitsanzo za nyumba atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena za tRNA. Michael ndi m'modzi wa omwe adayambitsa njira ya mawerengeredwe kompyuta ndi kuphunzira nyumba zosiyanasiyana zedi (makamaka mapuloteni).

Nobel Prize mu Chemistry 2013 anali kupereka kwa Ari komanso Uorshelu. Iye anabadwira ku Palestina mu 1940. Mu 1958-62 gg. anakagwira ntchito udindo wa mkulu mu IDF, ndipo kenako anayamba kuphunzira pa Institute Yerusalemu. Mu 1970-72 gg. Iye ankagwira ntchito ku Weizmann Institute pulofesa, ndipo mu 1991 iye anakhala katswiri wa zamoyo ndi umagwirira ku Southern California. Uorshell chimodzi cha anayambitsa enzymology zowerengera - gawo la zamoyo. Iye anaphunzira kapangidwe ndi njira othandizira la kanthu, ndi kapangidwe ka molekyulu enzyme.

Kjell S., E. ndi W. Eric Betzig Merner

Nobel Prize mu Chemistry 2014 anali kupereka Merner, Eric Betzig ndi Helle. asayansi awa analenga njira zatsopano wamamamayikirosikopu kupitirira mphamvu bwino kwa ife kuwala maso. Zotsatira awo ungatithandize kuganizira mamolekyulu mkati mwa maselo a zinthu zamoyo. Mwachitsanzo, mwa njira zimenezi n'zotheka kuyan'ana khalidwe la mapuloteni udindo pakutchulidwa matenda Parkinson ndi Alzheimer. Panopa kafukufuku wa asayansi awa ayamba ntchito mu sayansi ndi mankhwala.

Kjell anabadwa mu 1962 ku Romania. Iye ndi nzika ya Germany lero. Erik Bettsig anabadwa mu 1960 mu Michigan. Uilyam Merner anabadwa m'chaka cha 1953 California.

Gehena kuyambira 1990s ankagwira pa STED-wamamamayikirosikopu pa umuna mowiriza maganizo. The laser woyamba poona mu mpaka kuwala fulorosenti, wapezeka ndi wolandila lapansi. laser china pofuna kupititsa patsogolo chigamulocho chipangizo. Merner ndi Eric Betzig, Helle anzake, wokhulupirira paokha kafukufuku wawo, anayala maziko a mtundu wina wa wamamamayikirosikopu. Tikuyankhula zokhudza osakwatira, molekyulu wamamamayikirosikopu.

T. Lindahl, P. Modric ndi Aziz Sanjar

Nobel Prize mu Chemistry 2015 anali kupereka kwa Swede Lindahl, American Modric ndi Turk Sanjar. Asayansi anagawa mphotho iwo wokha, paokha kufotokoza ndi kufotokozera njira imene maselo "akukonza" DNA ndi kuteteza zisaonongeke mfundo chibadwa. Ndicho chimene iye anali kupereka mphoto ya Nobel mu Chemistry mu 2015.

Anthu asayansi mu m'ma 1960, ankakhulupirira kuti mamolekyulu izi ndi cholimba kwambiri ndi moyo amakhalabe pafupifupi sichinasinthe. Pogwira kafukufuku pa Institute Karolinska, ndi yanga Lindahl (anabadwa mu 1938) zasonyeza kuti ndi zofooka zosiyanasiyana kudziunjikira mu DNA lapansi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti payenera kukhala njira zachilengedwe zimene "kukonza" mamolekyulu DNA. Lindahl mu 1974 anapeza enzyme amene kumatha zowonongeka cytosine wa iwo. Mu katswiri 1980-90s amene anasamuka nthawi imene UK anasonyeza mmene glycosylases. Izi gulu lapadera la michere kugwira ntchito mu sitepe yoyamba ya DNA kukonza. Scientific kwanilitse kuti zibalane zasayansi ndondomeko (otchedwa "excision kukonza").

Lotereli, ndi Laureates ena Chemistry 2015 Nobel Prize. Aziz Sanjar anabadwa mu 1946 ku Turkey. Iye analandira digiri yake ya udokotala mu Istanbul, ndiye ntchito kwa zaka zingapo madokotala akumidzi. Komabe, mu 1973, Aziz anachita chidwi mu sayansi. Wasayansi anadabwa kuti mabakiteriya atalandira mlingo wa poizoni ultraviolet, zakupha kwa iwo, mwamsanga zotsitsimutsa awo, ngati wopereka walitsa mu osiyanasiyana a buluu a osiyanasiyana kuwoneka. Kale zasayansi Texas Sanjar kuzindikiridwa ndi anaipanga losokonekera cha enzyme, ndilo udindo kuwonongedwa kwa kuwonongeka chifukwa cha ultraviolet (photolyase). kupezeka mu 1970, kodi si chifukwa chidwi ndi mayunivesite of America, ndi wasayansi anapita Yale. N'kumene anafotokoza yachiwiri dongosolo "kukonza" maselo pambuyo iwo adziwa kuwala ultraviolet.

Pol Modrich (anabadwa mu 1946) anabadwira ku United States (New Mexico). Iye anapeza njira imene ndondomeko ya kugawikana selo kukonza zolakwika kuwonekera mu DNA mu ndondomeko fission.

Kotero, ife tikudziwa kale amene anapambana Nobel Prize mu Chemistry mu 2015. Tikhonza ndikuganiza amene adzalandira ulemu ndi mphoto imeneyi yotsatira mu 2016. Tikukhulupirira, posachedwapa kupeza ndi asayansi Russian, kudzakhala latsopano Nobel Prize Chemistry la Russia.