Mgwirizano - ndi ... coherent mafunde kuwala. Mgwirizano zosatha

Taganizirani yoweyula pochulukitsa m'malere. Mgwirizano - muyeso wa malumikizanidwe pakati pa magawo ake, kuyeza pa mfundo zosiyanasiyana. Mgwirizano yoweyula zimadalira maonekedwe a udachokera.

Awiri mitundu ya Mgwirizano

Tiyeni tione chitsanzo yosavuta kumva. Tangoganizani awiri zimatengedwa, kudzuka kugwa padziko madzi. Musamachite yoweyula gwero ndi ndodo yokha yomwe harmonically kumizidwa ndi kuchotsedwa madzi kuswa bata padziko pamwamba madzi. Choncho pali malumikizanidwe wangwiro pakati pa magulu a zoyandama awiri. Iwo sangakhoze kusunthira ndi pansi ndendende mu gawo, pamene wina ukupita mmwamba, ndi zina pansi, koma gawo kusiyana pakati pa udindo wa zoyandama awiri ndi zonse mu nthawi. Harmonically zokhala mfundo gwero umabala mwamtheradi coherent yoweyula.

Pofotokoza Mgwirizano mafunde kuwala, kusiyanitsa mitundu ake awiri - okhudza malo ndi wathupi.

Mgwirizano amatanthauza mphamvu ya kuwala kubala ndi kuwasokoneza chitsanzo. Ngati awiri mafunde kuwala nao pamodzi, ndipo iwo sapeka madera chinawonjezeka ndi utachepa kuwala, iwo amatchedwa incoherent. Ngati iwo amapanga "abwino" kusokonezedwa chitsanzo (m'lingaliro m'madera wathunthu zowononga kusokonezedwa), iwo ali ndi coherent. Ngati mafunde awiri kulenga "chosakhala bwino" chithunzi, amaona kuti ali pang'ono coherent.

Michelson interferometer

Mgwirizano - chodabwitsa kuti bwino anafotokoza ndi kuyesera.

Mu Michelson interferometer kuwala gwero S (awa angathe kukhala aliyense wa: dzuwa, nyenyezi, kapena laser) imatsogoleredwa n'kufika semitransparent galasi M _0, chomwe chimayimira 50% ya kuwala kwa galasi M ₁ ndi transmits 50% kwa galasi M _2. mtengo amasonyeza kwa aliyense kalirole ku M _0, ndi mbali wofanana kuwala anasonyeza kuchokera M ₁ ndi M _{2 amaphatikizidwa} ndi ntchito n'kufika chophimba B. chipangizo akhoza kukhazikitsidwa ndi kusintha mtunda kuchokera galasi M ₁ kwa ziboda mtengo.

Michelson interferometer kwenikweni zimasakanikirana mtengo ndi nthawi anachedwa Baibulo lake. Kuwala kuti akudutsa pa njira galasi M ₁ ali kupita mtunda pa 2D kuposa mtengo zokwawa galasi M _2.

M'litali ndi Mgwirizano nthawi

Zimene zimawonedwa pa TV? Pamene D = 0 Tingaone angapo M'mphepete momveka kusokonezedwa. Pamene anthu d ndi kuchuluka, gulu kumakhala kosavuta kutchulidwa: madera mdima kukuwalira, ndi kuwala - dimmer. Potsiriza, kwa anthu d lalikulu kwambiri, kupyoza wina phindu kuweruza D, kuwala ndi mphete mdima kutha kwathunthu, kusiya chabe blur.

Mwachionekere, munda kuwala sizingakhoze kusokoneza nthawi anachedwa Baibulo palokha pamene nthawi kuchedwa ndi okwanira. Distance 2D - ndi Mgwirizano kutalika: zotsatira kusokonezedwa ndi noticeable kokha pamene kusiyana mu njira osachepera mtunda izi. Khalidwe limeneli zikhoza kusinthidwa pa T _m'ma magawano ake ndi kuwala kumayendera m'ma: T _m'ma = 2D / c.

Michelson kuyesera amaona Mgwirizano zosatha wa yoweyula kuwala: umatha kusokoneza Baibulo anachedwa palokha. A bwino okhazikika laser T _m'ma = 10 ^-4 m, L _m'ma = 30 kuchokera; osasankhidwa kuwala kutentha T _m'ma = 10 ^-8, L _m'ma = 3 m.

Mgwirizano ndi nthawi

Zosatha Mgwirizano - muyeso wa malumikizanidwe pakati pa magawo mafunde kuwala mfundo zosiyanasiyana pamodzi ndi kafalitsidwe malangizo.

Kuganiza gwero limatulutsa ndi timaganiza za λ ndi λ ± Δλ, amene panthawi ina danga adzakhala kulowerera pa mtunda L _m'ma = λ ² / (2πΔλ). Kodi L _m'ma - Mgwirizano kutalika.

Gawo la yoweyula pochulukitsa motsogozedwa × limanenedwa ngati f = Kx - ωt. Ngati tikambirana mafunde Chithunzi danga panthawi T pa mtunda L _m'ma, gawo kusiyana pakati pa zamoyo zina yoweyula K ₁ ndi K _{2 omwe} gawo pa × = 0 ndiyofanana Δφ = L _m'ma (k ₁ - K _2). Pamene Δφ = 1, kapena Δφ ~ 60 °, kuwala salinso coherent. Chopinga ndiponso mapindidwe akuwala ndi zotsatira chidwi Bibulo.

Choncho:

• 1 = L _m'ma (k ₁ - K _{2) = L m'ma (2π / λ} - 2π / (λ + Δλ));
• _{L m'ma (λ + Δλ - λ} ) / (λ (λ + Δλ)) ~ L m'ma Δλ / λ ² = 1 / 2π;
• L _m'ma = λ ² / (2πΔλ).

Yoweyula umadutsa danga ndi mathamangidwe ndi c.

The Mgwirizano nthawi T _m'ma = L _m'ma / s. Popeza = λf m'ma, ndiye Δf / f = Δω / ω = Δλ / λ. Tingathe kulemba

• L _m'ma = λ ² / (2πΔλ) = λf / ( 2πΔf) = m'ma / Δω;
• T _m'ma = 1 / Δω.

Ngati yodziwika timaganiza kapena pafupipafupi Wofalitsa gwero kuwala, n'zotheka kudziwa L _m'ma ndipo T _c. N'zosatheka kusunga kusokonezedwa chitsanzo akamagwira kugawa matalikidwe, monga filimu kusokonezedwa woonda, ngati kuwala njira kusiyana ndi kwambiri kuposa L _c.

Zosatha Mgwirizano linati Black.

Mgwirizano ndi danga

Okhudza malo Mgwirizano - muyeso wa malumikizanidwe pakati pa magawo mafunde kuwala mfundo zosiyanasiyana yopingasa malangizo a kafalitsidwe.

Pamene mtunda L ku monochromatic matenthedwe (liniya) gwero lake miyeso ya dongosolo la δ liniya, mipata iwiri ili pa mtunda woposa anthu d _m'ma = 0,16λL / δ, salinso kutulutsa kuzindikira kusokonezedwa chitsanzo. πd _m'ma ^2/4 ndi dera gwero Mgwirizano.

Ngati pa nthawi T kuona gwero la m'lifupi δ, kuwataya perpendicular mtunda L kwa chophimba, chophimba aone mfundo ziwiri (P1 ndi P2), ankasiyana ndi d. Munda magetsi mu P1 ndi P2 umaimira superposition za m'minda magetsi mafunde panamveka ndi mfundo zonse gwero la cheza amene osalumikidwa ndi mzake. Kuti mafunde mu atomu exiting P1 ndi P2, kupanga kuzindikira kusokonezedwa chitsanzo mu superposition P1 ndi P2 ayenera kukhala gawo.

chikhalidwe Mgwirizano

Kuwala mafunde ankalankhula ndi mbali ziwiri za gwero pakadutsa nthawi T ndi zina gawo kusiyana mwachindunji pakati pa mfundo ziwiri. Mtengo akubwera kuchokera m'mphepete yatsala δ pa mfundo P2 pochitika pa anthu d (sinθ) / 2 patsogolo kuposa mtengo ankapita ku likulu. The njira yodutsamo wa mtengo kudza m'mphepete lamanja la δ kuwalozera P2, akudutsa pa njira D (sinθ) / 2 zochepa. Kusiyana mtunda tinayenda matabwa awiri D · sinθ ndipo umaimira gawo kusiyana Δf '= 2πd · sinθ / λ. Pakuti mtunda kuchokera P1 kuti P2 pamodzi kutsogolo yoweyula timapeza Δφ = 2Δφ '= 4πd · sinθ / λ. Mafunde panamveka ndi mbali ziwiri za gwero lake, ali gawo ndi P1 nthawi T ndipo mwa gawo m'chigawo 4πdsinθ / λ mu P2. Popeza sinθ ~ δ / (2L), ndiye Δφ = 2πdδ / (Lλ). Pamene Δφ = Δφ ~ 1 kapena 60 °, kuwala ndi sanalinso coherent.

Δφ = 1 -> D = Lλ / (2πδ) = 0,16 Lλ / δ.

The okhudza malo Mgwirizano wa anati wavefront gawo homogeneity.

nyale Incandescent ndi chitsanzo cha incoherent kuwala gwero.

kuwala n'zothandiza mukhonza kuwapeza gwero la cheza incoherent, ngati ife kutaya kwambiri cheza cha. Woyamba okhudza malo zosefera imagwiridwa kuonjezera Mgwirizano okhudza malo, ndiyeno kawalidwe zosefera kwa Mgwirizano zikuluzikulu mwakanthawi.

Foriya mndandanda

Sinusoidal ndege yoweyula kwathunthu coherent mu malo ndi nthawi, ndi kutalika kwake nthawi ndi Mgwirizano m'dera wosatha. mafunde chonse chenicheni ndi funde nyemba chosatha kwa amalire nthawi imeneyi, ndi kukhala mapeto perpendicular malangizo awo a kafalitsidwe. Mwamasamu, iwo anafotokozedwa ndi ntchito yake nthawi. Kupeza mafurikwense amaonetsa nyemba yoweyula ndi kudziwa Mgwirizano kutalika Δω ayenera aziyang'anitsitsa ntchito si nthawi.

Malinga ndi kusanthula Foriya, wopondereza nthawi yoweyula angathe kuonedwa ngati superposition mafunde sine. Foriya kaphatikizidwe zikutanthauza kuti superposition kwa kuchuluka kwa mafunde sinusoidal amalola wodziwitsidwa umasinthasintha nthawi waveform.

ziwerengero Communication

chiphunzitso Mgwirizano mukhoza kutengedwa ngati kugwirizana a sayansi ndi maphunziro ena a sayansi, popeza chifukwa cha pophatikizana a chiphunzitso mu atomu ndi ziwerengero komanso zimango zowerengera ndi mgwirizano wa ziwerengero zimango. chiphunzitso ntchito kuchuluka kwa makhalidwe ndi zotsatira za kusinthasintha mwachisawawa khalidwe la minda kuwala.

Kawirikawiri n'zosatheka kuyeza kusinthasintha zakutchire yoweyula mwachindunji. Munthu "zokwera ndi zotsika" kuonekera kuwala sizingakhoze kuonedwa mwachindunji, kapena ngakhale ndi zida chipangizo: pafupipafupi ake pafupifupi October ¹⁵ oscillations pa mphindi. Mukhonza kuyeza ndi zaka.

Kugwiritsa Mgwirizano

Kulumikiza a sayansi ndi maphunziro ena a sayansi chitsanzo cha Mgwirizano agona mu angapo ofunsira. Pang'ono minda coherent ndi zochepa anakhudzidwa ndi kugwedezekagwedezeka mumlengalenga, zomwe zimawachititsa lipindulitsa pa aya laser. Iwo ntchito mu kuphunzira zochita laser chovutika maphatikizidwe: a kuchepetsa zotsatira kusokonezedwa zikubweretsa 'kusalaza "ntchito ya mtanda pa chandamale nyukiliya. Mgwirizano ntchito makamaka kudziwa kukula ndi Kugawilidwa kwanthaka kachitidwe nyenyezi bayinare.

Mgwirizano mafunde kuwala amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu phunziro la kwadzidzidzi ndi minda zachikhalidwe. Mu 2005, Roy J. Glauber anakhala mmodzi wa Wopambana wa Prize Nobel mu Physics chopereka wake ku chiphunzitso kwadzidzidzi la Mgwirizano kuwala.