Kuwerenga mndandanda Brodsky: Ndemanga

List Brodsky - ndichiyani? Izi si mndandanda wa mabuku, anabadwa ndi nkhonya ya cholembera ndakatulo cholimba komanso wolemba nkhani wina. Ndi njira yake kuphunzira mabuku. Iwo wokometsedwa kwa munthu tikukhala mu 70 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo. Ndipotu anthu ayenera kuwerenga kwambiri mabuku abwino asanakhale wolemba ndakatulo kapena wolemba. Brodsky ankaona mtengo ndi ukoma wa aesthetes a mbadwo wake kuti anthu a machitidwe ake "basi yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale," chinabweretsa chilengedwe cha anthu ankhanza, mfundo za malo wankhanza.

Iosif Aleksandrovich - munthu chodabwitsa. Ndi wapadera ndi mbiri yake. Sichoncho, izo zikuwoneka ngati chinachake mwa njira yapadera - kukhala wolemba ndakatulo ndi wolemba nkhani wina amene amalenga imodzi inati ziwiri zosiyana, USSR ndi USA, ndipo m'kupita kwa wolemba ndakatulo mapeto, okuti Venice, malo amene Kubadwa Kwatsopano ndi X dera la Ufumu wa Roma !

Nadezhda Mandelstam, wachikulire mkazi amene kamodzi akuyesa kulosera tsogolo la achinyamata Brodsky: "Iye - zabwino ... yaing'ono, koma ine ndikuwopa kuti adzathetsa mavuto." Ndipo chotero izo zinali ndi Iosifom Aleksandrovichem: mu USSR, zinatha kufalitsa, ndiyeno iye anali mu United States.

Brodsky kuzindikira kunja

List Brodsky amadziwika zalembedwa mwa Iye pakati pa makumi asanu ndi awiri a atumwi wotsiriza, pa emigration amakakamizidwa kwa United States. Pa nyanja, iye anatsalira mu udindo wa asanu American kukoleji. Ntchito maudindo maphunziro a munthu chinkhoswe kudzipatsa maphunziro zaka 15, anali chitsanzo cha kuzindikiridwa kwa nzeru zake zamphamvu.

Mu US, Professor zonse ankakhala m'mizinda atatu: choyamba mu Ann lamdima lija, ndiye New York ndipo potsiriza - mu South Hadley.

Muyezo kusankha mabuku mndandanda wa Brodsky

mphunzitsi samangofikira kufuna ophunzira ake mwa anthu odziwa mabuku. Iye anayesera kuti usinthe maganizo awo chinenero.

Poyambira anali ndi Roadmap otsatira (Brodsky mndandanda) ndi anawatenga mu ndakatulo ndi mwa Briton William Auden a "Mu Memory wa U. B. Yeytsa", umene umati chabe lingaliro kuphunzira chinenero "kutitimira", "tifulumizane" munthu luso ndakatulo.

Ndi kuchita kanthu chauzimu, timatsimikiza chilakolako chofuna kudzilemeretsa maphunziro, zosatheka. American pulofesa wa ophunzira Soviet chiyambi anagula kwa ulemerero eccentric. Iye anali mphunzitsi wa wapadera, amafuna ophunzira kulenga kuwerenga kuchuluka kwa ndalama, anthu onsewa achinyamata kumvetsa aesthetics mlembi. Amayang'anitsitsa anzeru pedagogical chipangizo aphunzitsi sayenera ku maganizo a wophunzira, ndi kuona kwa wolemba ndakatulo-ntchito.

Zinthu chinenero monga Alefa ndi Omega kukhala mlakatuli

Amene anali ndi zambiri ndakatulo zinachitikira ndi yaitali kuyenda chikhalidwe dziko, Iosif Aleksandrovich chooneka moti ankanena kuti mapangidwe a ndakatulo iyi sichibwera "ludzu zilandiridwenso" osati ndi kumvetsa bwino za malamulo a chilengedwe cha ndakatulo. Mbali yaikulu ya munthu woteroyo, malinga Brodsky, ndi monga "kuzindikira chinenero." Popanda iye, ndakatulo ndi akufa.

Chirasha Intaneti zina kufotokoza adzadabwitsa choti chifukwa sitili mu mndandanda wa ntchito za ndakatulo Pushkin, Lermontov, pamene adadziwa, monga mtundu wina wa kunena ndale. Koma zoona zake n'zakuti, ndi chodziwikiratu kuti iwo amagwira nawo.

Ndithudi, mndandanda wa Brodsky analemba mphunzitsi American kwa ophunzira ake. Ndipo ophunzira ena ali mbadwa okamba English. Choncho, mndandanda wasenza ndi wolemba ndakatulo iyi, olemba anapereka, gravitating kwa azungu asintha. Pomaliza, tiyenera mlandu: alakatuli "amene amayenda opanda nsapato pa mphepete lumo" ndipo "kudula mu mwazi wa miyoyo amoyo," ayenera anamva kunyumba, pozindikira, kuti ichi anthu ake. Kenako Brodsky anamangidwa ku ukapolo, ndipo akanakupatsani olembedwa mndandanda kwa Chirasha ophunzira. Ndipo iwowa ndithu kukanakhala Pushkin, Lermontov, ndi ena ambiri ...

Brodsky ndi chiyambi cha ntchito ndakatulo

Iosif Aleksandrovich sanapange chinsinsi pansi loko ndi kiyi kupita ndakatulo. Iye anauza ophunzirawo kuti unyamata wake, zaka 15, iye analemba ndakatulo sporadically ndi mosintha. Kamodzi, pamene anali ndi zaka 16, iye m'gulu maulendowa miyala. Ine ntchito pafupi ndi malire a Chinese, ku chigawo chakumpoto. Amur.

Maulendowa, anawerenga buku la ndakatulo Baratynsky, wolemba ndakatulo wa XIX m'ma (Mnzake Pushkin). Ndi ndakatulo ya Yevgeny Abramovich zo awo pa Brodsky zoyendetsedwa wake "tanthauzo la chinenero." Kuona zinthu Baratynsky chimamulimbikitsa kukhala, anatsogolera ndakatulo kulemba ndakatulo zabwino kwenikweni.

Kenako Petersburg a wolemba wamng'ono anaona nsonga zambiri mnzake wake okalamba, wolemba ndakatulo Evgeniya Reyna, amene mpaka imfa yake monga mmodzi wa bwino mu Russia.

Mwa njira, mu chilumikizano chake choyamba anandituma Iosif Aleksandrovich chifukwa anali ku dera la machitidwe a misonkhano yapadera (iwo mowirikiza ankayang'ana kumvutitsa Ahmatovoy, amene ndakatulo anakumana).

Mphunzitsi kwambiri choyambirira ndi mndandanda wake

wophunzira wake, Sven Birkerts, amene anakhala wotchuka zolembalemba wotsutsa, ananena kuti anzake kusukulu Brodsky anakumbukira monga mphunzitsi kwambiri, pa dzanja limodzi, kwambiri wachikoka ndiponso - pa ena.

Chifukwa koipa (zachilendo kumva kuti mawu pa nkhani ya dzina la wolemba ndakatulo wotchuka)? Sven bwinobwino akuyankha funso limeneli. chakuti Joseph A. mwamtheradi anachita kanthu kuuzira zambiri za wophunzira thupi la mabuku.

Iye anali individualist, komanso mndandanda wa Brodsky adafotokoza chitukuko wake aliyense waluso. Koma anthu ophunzira amene adakali Musiyeni kuwerenga buku anasonyeza izo zikanakhoza nthawi zonse kudalira malangizo, kulankhula ndi Master. Malinga ndi Maulendo a m'nthawi, mawu Brodsky linali lalitali zimalimbikitsa mitundu. Iye analankhula pang'ono pamphuno, nafotokozera ndi nthawi chidwi. Axamwali mwanthabwala anamutcha "munthu-mkuwa gulu."

Mphindi nkhani yake moona mtima ophunzira a mtengo sanali.

Pedagogies Joseph Alexandrovich, malinga ndi takumbukira Sven Birkerts, unali wapadera. Mphunzitsi m'malo sanaphunzitsidwe mabuku, ndipo anayesera kusonyeza mtima.

Musamadzinamize cha kumizidwa mu mabuku

Iye ali chiyambi cha awiri mwachidule anapereka imodzi mwa ntchito lapadera, amene anadzazidwa ndi mantha ophunzira ena aulesi mndandanda Brodsky. Ndiyeno ndinafunsa za maganizo chifukwa Akhmatova ndakatulo kapena Montale kudzatunga ophunzira m'bwalo, simukulankhulanso wotchuka Sergeya Dyagileva amagwira: ". Chidwi ine" Zinali zovuta American mnyamata kapena mtsikana kufotokoza Mwachitsanzo, ngati bwinobwino amasonyeza Akhmatova moto powonekera, kapena Kuzionetsa zithunzi "Iliad."

Siyense linalunjikitsidwa apamwamba matamando Brodsky mawu Single. "Zodabwitsa" Nthawi zambiri, wophunzira avareji banal pamtunda kusamvetsetsa wake. Brodsky pa nthawi ino cholizira mu dzanja la ndudu yosayatsa ...

Koma kuseri zonsezi kanthu anali nawo ndithu nthabwala. Atakamba khama la wophunzira, Iosif Aleksandrovich opangidwa kwambiri wake wotchuka mpweya, akuyang'ana kalasi lonse ndipo anayamba kulankhula. Iye anafunsa mafunso ndipo iye anawayankha iwo. Iye anatsogolera otsatira awo mwa m'nkhalango phokoso ndi mayanjano odzazidwa ndi malingaliro a omvera kuzindikira mphamvu zake modabwitsa chinenero. Sven Birkerts ndi ophunzira ngati iye anapita ku msonkhano ndi lingaliro la mphamvu yosaoneka swirling owazungulira, koma sinadzatengedwe ndi achibale mu moyo wamba.

US zaumunthu mndandanda anayamikira

Kuwerenga mndandanda Brodsky anaonekera sitepe nzeru mu mapangidwe America wamng'ono. Choyamba aphunzitsidwa dongosolo Dzhona Dyui, ali ndi luso maganizo paokha, luso otsutsa kupenda zochitika chikhalidwe. Koma Iosif Aleksandrovich sanamuzindikire dongosolo lino. Tsiku loyamba kuphunzira anapatsa ophunzira ake mndandanda chidwi cha mwachidule anauza otsatira kuti zaka ziwiri za moyo wawo ayenera wodzipereka kwa ovomerezeka izi.

Inde, kuyambira ndi mndandanda kwambiri malemba ovomerezeka Brodsky kuwerenga ndipo itha ntchito luso 70 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo.

Mwachionekere, mndandanda akhoza zidzawonjezedwa kwa ophunzira lero. Mwa nyanja ya mabuku, kuwonekera chaka chilichonse ndipo wochuluka pa maalumali, muyenera kusankha buku, kukhala chofunika kwambiri luso. Kumbukirani kuti i chachikulu ichi ayenera kukhala tanthauzo la chinenero, mwaluso amvetsa Brodsky.

Zamkatimu Brodsky mndandanda. "Bhavati Gita", "Mahabharata"

Iosifa Brodskogo mndandanda imayamba ndi "bhavati-gita" (mulungu wa nyimbo). Phindu la ntchito imeneyi chagona pa cholinga chake pa chitukuko cha anthu auzimu. Chimam'thandiza kuthetsa funso zikuluzikulu: "Ndani ndine", Kumabweretsa kupambana mmene mkati zofunika kukwaniritsa zinthu zauzimu. The "bhavati Gita" kumaphatikizapo kukhala ku moyo watsiku ndi tsiku moyo wauzimu, ndi kumagwirizana ndi chowonadi.

The ntchito yachiwiri kuti amatanthauza mndandanda wa n'kofunika kuwerenga Brodsky, ndi "Mahabharata". Iwo likuthandiza epic kuwalitsa mavuto a akamanena chikhalidwe cha munthuyo, chiŵerengero cha ufulu ndi tsogolo ake (tsoka). Mahabharata, pa dzanja limodzi, asatambira ndi dyera ndi wina - akudzudzula renunciation wathunthu wa ubwino ndi Uthunthu.

Old Testament

Iosif Aleksandrovich mu malo lachitatu mwa mabuku pamwamba, kutsegula mndandanda wotchuka Brodsky watchula Malemba cha Akristu ndi Ayuda - Chipangano Chakale. Monga inu mukudziwa, linalembedwa m'Chiheberi. Chapakati ndi akatswiri maganizo gawo la izo ndi Sinai pangano - maudindo wokhazikitsidwa ndi Mulungu pa mtundu wa Isiraeli, amene anakhala maziko a Torah (Chilamulo cha kuphedwa).

Pali mndandanda wa odziwika ndakatulo ndi yatsikira kwa ife mu bestseller oyamba padziko lonse lapansi - buku la ngwazi za dziko lonse wakale, adventurer, wopambana ndi wamphamvu mfumu Gilmageshe.

mabuku akale

List Brodsky - mndandanda voluminous mabuku akhoza wachinsinsi. Wolemba ndakatulo sanali munthu woyamba amene anakonza mndandanda amenewa. Mumadziwika mndandanda wa Lva Nikolaevicha Tolstogo mosamala kwambiri pa dongosolo la amadza malangizo a kuwerenga. List monga Joseph Alexandrovich Cholinga kuwathandiza "kukambirana zofunika."

Zopyola ntchito zauzimu, monga mwa nzeru yake ya Brodsky, ayenera anazungulira nyumba ya mabuku akale: Sophocles, Homer, Herodotus, Horace, Mark Avrely, Aristophanes ... mndandanda Izi chosakwanira, lili pafupi 20 mayina. Brodsky yekha atamufunsa anafotokoza kudzipereka kwake kwa mabuku a akale dziko chitukuko cha "kuzindikira nthawi." Choncho anaitana kumvetsa kwake kwa chikhalidwe cha nthawi ndi kukopa kwake pa anthu.

N'chifukwa chiyani tikutero chidwi analipira Greek ndi mabuku Roma Iosif Aleksandrovich? Si chinsinsi kuti mabwalo zolembalemba adatchedwa Roma. Choncho ndimasangalala conceptualized ndi chimamasula zolembalemba chigoba. Kukangana za Soviet Union, iye euphemistically kuti "Rome".

bwino kwambiri akamanena za ufumu (Kukonda kupembedza Kulambira Kaisara, wankhanza mphamvu) unali wachilendo kwa iye, akudzitchulanso ndi manyazi ku ukapolo ndakatulo Ovidi.

Choncho alibe kwambiri ndi Soviet (Chiroma) akuluakulu, monga anzeru, kupirira kupanda ufulu.

Brodsky mndandanda uli vosled mabuku yakale yoyendera midadada ingapo yotsatizana. Kenako - mabuku a Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Anapereka buku Fransua Rable ndi Dante Alighieri, ndi Knight chikondi Plato.

Western ndi Russian ndakatulo

Chipika lotsatira mu mndandanda ndi West European mabuku bourgeois mapangidwe chikhalidwe ndi Russian ndakatulo ya Silver Age. Olemba osankhidwa ndi kukoma, monga talente wawo ndi kufunika kwa cholowa zolembalemba:

• Russian Anna Akhmatova, Marina Tsvetaeva, Boris Pasternak, Osip Mandelstam, Nikolay Zabolotsky, Vladislav Khodasevich;
• British ndi American Thomas Hardy, Tomás Eliot, Robert Frost, Marianna Mur, Uisten Oden, Elizabeth Bishop;
• German: Rainer Rilke, Ingeborg Bachmann, Georg Trakl, Gottfried Benn;
• Spanish: Federico García Lorca, Antonio Machado, Rafael Alberti, Juan Ramon Himenos;
• Polish: Zbigniew Herbert, Czeslaw Milosz, Leopold Wogwila, Wislawa Szymborska;
• French: Zhyul Syupervel, Blez Sandrar, Giyom Apolliner, Maks Zhakob, Anri Misho;
• Greek: Giorgos Seferis, Konstantin Kavafis, Yannis Ritsos;
• Swedish: Harry Martinson, Gunnar Ekellef.

Pomaliza

Kufikira tsopano lino, kumveka chimayambitsa mndandanda wa Brodsky. Reviews okonda buku ndi chimodzi mwa kunena kuti mndandanda Ndithu lotereli, zochokera namatetule wa Brodsky.

Ndipo mikangano uka. owerenga munthu anatsutsa kuthekera kuwerenga ndi khamu lalikulu la mabuku akale. Ena anayankha kuti phindu la mabuku akale ndi wochepa thupi (tsopano kotero musati kulemba) ndi elaboration ubale wa anthu.

owerenga ambiri ndemanga ndi ofunda. Wina amakumbukira kuti structural "bhavati Gita" ndi mbali ya "Mahabharata". Amene amakayikira lodalirika pa mndandanda, ndi kufotokoza wake ndi kukhalapo mu izo wa ntchito za Nikolai Klyuev, anthu odana ndi Ayuda ndi propartiynoy lathu.

Kulonga n'cigwagwa, ndi Dziwani chinthu chachikulu: buku lochokera mndandanda wa Brodsky anatumikira monga ataika miyala kuti zilandiridwenso wa Yosefe Alexandrovich. Ndi njira zawo za kuzindikira za kukongola andakatulo Brodsky amapereka owerenga mndandanda.

Amene ndi lothandiza? Osati anthu onse ndi yapadera philological mabuku maphunziro. Koma ena mwa iwo zobisika talente ndakatulo kapena prosaic. Kodi kukamuutsa? Yankho koonekeratu kuti kuwerenga mabuku abwino ambiri. Ndipo kwa mfundo imeneyi ndi mndandanda wa Brodsky - sikungakhale zoipa kuyamba.